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Miscellaneous

Splice Donor and Acceptor Sites

Splice donor and acceptor sites are specific nucleotide sequences that define the boundaries between exons and introns during RNA splicing. Donor sites, located at the 5′ end of an intron (exon-intron boundary), […]

How Does pH Affect DNA Stability?

In a neutral pH range, pH 5 to 9, DNA molecules are quite stable. However, if the pH becomes too acidic or alkaline, DNA molecules are prone to destabilization. At […]

What is pH Value of ddH2O?

The pH of double-distilled water (ddH₂O) is theoretically around 7.0 — perfectly neutral — because pure water at 25°C autoionizes slightly into H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions. But in practice, ddH₂O […]

How to avoid cross-contamination in qPCR

To avoid cross-contamination in qPCR, key practices include: separating pre- and post-amplification areas with dedicated equipment, using a unidirectional workflow, including a “no template control” in each run, properly cleaning work […]

OmpA Signal for Protein Expression

The OmpA signal peptide is a 21-amino acid sequence that targets fused proteins to the Sec secretion pathway in E. coli. It can be used to increase protein yield and simplify purification […]

High-cell-density cultivation (HCDC)

High-cell-density cultivation (HCDC) is a process that improves the formation of microbial biomass and products. It can be used for microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, and yeasts. HCDC can make the fermentation process […]

How to protect RNA from degradation?

To protect RNA from degradation, you can:  RNA is prone to enzymatic degradation and hydrolysis. Even at low temperatures, RNA can still be reactive, and some ribozymes can be enhanced by […]