Both DREADDs (chemogenetics) and optogenetics allow precise control of defined cell populations, especially neurons, but they differ fundamentally in how stimulation is delivered, the temporal resolution achieved, and experimental complexity. […]
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GiDREADD(hM4D(Gi)) vs GqDREADD (hM3D(Gq))
Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) are engineered GPCRs used to remotely control cellular activity—most commonly neurons—using otherwise inert ligands (e.g., CNO, deschloroclozapine). Feature Gi-DREADD (hM4Di) Gq-DREADD (hM3Dq) […]
Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs)
4 Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs) are fluorescent proteins engineered to report intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺) dynamics in living cells. Because Ca²⁺ influx closely accompanies neuronal firing, synaptic activity, muscle contraction, […]
Commonly Used Luciferase Reporters in Research
4 Luciferase reporters are bioluminescent enzymes that emit light upon reacting with specific substrates. They are widely used for gene expression analysis, promoter studies, in vivo imaging, and high-throughput screening […]
Toxicity of AAV2 Rep52 and Rep40
Rep52 and Rep40 are the small AAV Rep proteins, produced from the p19 promoter. They primarily function in single-stranded genome packaging and lack the strong DNA-binding, helicase, and site-specific endonuclease […]
Toxicity of AAV2 Rep78 and Rep68
Rep78 and Rep68 are the large AAV Rep proteins encoded from the p5 promoter, and they are notoriously cytotoxic when expressed in mammalian cells. Their toxicity is the main reason […]
RD114 Retrovirus Env Gene
607 atga aactcccaac aggaatggtc attttatgta gcctaataat agttcgggca 661 gggtttgacg acccccgcaa ggctatcgca ttagtacaaa aacaacatgg taaaccatgc 721 gaatgcagcg gagggcaggt atccgaggcc ccaccgaact ccatccaaca ggtaacttgc 781 ccaggcaaga cggcctactt aatgaccaac caaaaatgga aatgcagagt cactccaaaa 841 atctcaccta […]