Promoter	Type	Expression Strength	Commonly Used AAV Serotypes	Target Tissue / Cells
CMV	Constitutive	Very strong	AAV2, AAV8, AAV9	Broad, most cells
CAG	Constitutive	Very strong	AAV2, AAV8, AAV9	Broad, neurons
EF1α	Constitutive	Strong, stable	AAV2, AAV9	Broad, stem cells, neurons
PGK	Constitutive	Moderate	AAV2, AAV5, AAV9	Broad, hematopoietic cells
SV40	Constitutive	Moderate	AAV2, AAV5	Broad
UbC	Constitutive	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	Broad, stable expression
RSV	Constitutive	Moderate-Strong	AAV2, AAV5	Broad
β-Actin	Constitutive	Moderate-Strong	AAV2, AAV9	Broad
hFTH1 / FTH1	Constitutive	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	Broad, stable expression
hSyn	Tissue-specific	Strong	AAV1, AAV2, AAV9	Neurons
CamKIIα	Tissue-specific	Strong	AAV9, AAV-PHP.eB	Excitatory neurons
GFAP	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Astrocytes
GAD65 / GAD67	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	GABAergic neurons
TH	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	Dopaminergic neurons
NSE	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	Neurons
MBP	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	Oligodendrocytes
Desmin	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV6, AAV9	Skeletal/cardiac muscle
MCK	Tissue-specific	Strong	AAV6, AAV9	Skeletal/cardiac muscle
α-MHC	Tissue-specific	Strong	AAV9	Cardiac
cTnT	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Cardiac muscle
Albumin	Tissue-specific	Strong	AAV8, AAV9	Liver (hepatocytes)
TBG	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV8, AAV9	Liver
AAT	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV8, AAV9	Liver
ApoE	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV8, AAV9	Liver
Insulin	Tissue-specific	Strong	AAV8	Pancreatic β-cells
Pdx1	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV8	Pancreatic progenitors
CD11b	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Myeloid cells
CD19 / CD20	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	B cells
CD4 / Lck	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	T cells
MHC II / HLA-DR	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	APCs
VE-Cadherin	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Endothelial cells
Flt1 / KDR	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Vascular endothelium
Tie2	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Endothelial cells
RPE65	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV2, AAV8	Retinal pigment epithelium
Rhodopsin	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV2, AAV8	Photoreceptors
Cone opsin	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV2, AAV8	Cone photoreceptors
SM22α	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Smooth muscle cells
Osteocalcin	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Bone cells
Keratin 14 / 18	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV9	Epithelial cells
SynMyo	Tissue-specific	Moderate	AAV6, AAV9	Skeletal/cardiac muscle
U6	Pol III	Very strong	AAV2, AAV9	shRNA / gRNA in most cells
H1	Pol III	Strong	AAV2, AAV9	shRNA / gRNA in most cells
7SK	Pol III	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	shRNA / gRNA in most cells
tRNA promoters	Pol III	Moderate	AAV2, AAV9	Small RNA expression

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The WPRE (Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element) is widely used in AAV vectors to enhance transgene expression by stabilizing mRNA and promoting nuclear export. SignaGen offers several WPRE variants and modifications optimized for mammalian expression systems

WPRE Type	Size (bp)	Description / Features	Typical Use
Full-Length WPRE	~600	Complete wild-type sequence from woodchuck hepatitis virus	Maximizes mRNA stability and expression; common in research vectors
WPREΔ (Truncated / Deleted)	~300–400	Partial WPRE with deletion of X protein coding region	Retains most expression enhancement; reduces safety concerns for preclinical or clinical use
WPRE-m (Mutated / Optimized)	~400–600	Modified to remove cryptic splice sites or enhance mammalian expression	Enhances expression with improved biosafety in mammalian cells
Synthetic / Codon-Optimized WPRE	Variable (<600)	Sequence-optimized for specific cell lines or experimental needs	Maximizes expression; can reduce vector size constraints
Clinical / Proprietary Variants (WPRE3, WPREΔX, WPREmut)	Variable	Engineered for safety, size reduction, and consistent expression	Used in clinical gene therapy vectors

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SignaGen provides a variety of polyadenylation (polyA) signals for AAV vectors, optimized for mammalian expression. Our collection includes commonly used sequences such as bGH (Bovine Growth Hormone) and hGH (Human Growth Hormone) for strong, stable expression, SV40 and TK viral polyA signals for research-grade or specialized constructs, as well as compact synthetic polyA sequences for space-constrained vectors. These options allow precise control of transcription termination and mRNA stability in your AAV constructs

PolyA Type	Origin	Size (bp)	Features / Description	Typical Use in AAV Vectors
SV40 PolyA	Simian Virus 40	~250	Moderate-strength viral polyA; widely used in research vectors	Research-grade AAV vectors; general mammalian expression
bGH PolyA	Bovine Growth Hormone	~225–250	Very strong mammalian polyA; high mRNA stability	Standard in modern AAV vectors for high expression
hGH PolyA	Human Growth Hormone	~200–230	Strong mammalian polyA signal; human-derived	Clinical constructs or humanized vectors
TK PolyA	HSV-1 Thymidine Kinase	~150–200	Moderate-strength viral polyA; viral expression systems	Dual-expression vectors or specialized viral constructs
Synthetic / Minimal PolyA	Engineered	50–100	Compact, retains termination function; saves vector space	Useful for small AAV vectors (<4.7 kb)
Other Viral PolyA	Adenovirus E1A, SV40 early, CMV late	Variable	Viral-derived polyA signals; moderate efficiency	Specialized or experimental viral constructs