Generated by All in One SEO v5.0.1.1, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # SignaGen Laboratories A Gene Delivery Company... ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://signagen.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [SignaGen Blog](https://signagen.com/blog/) - [Sleeping Beauty Transposon System in Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery](https://signagen.com/blog/sleeping-beauty-transposon-system-in-viral-vector-mediated-gene-delivery/) - The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is a powerful genetic engineering platform that enables stable integration of a gene of interest into the genome of mammalian cells. By combining the Sleeping Beauty system with AAV, lentiviral, or adenoviral vectors, researchers can take advantage of the efficient cellular delivery provided by viral vectors while using Sleeping - [PiggyBac Transposon System in Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery](https://signagen.com/blog/piggybac-transposon-system-in-viral-vector-mediated-gene-delivery/) - The piggyBac (PB) transposon system is a powerful genetic tool for stable integration of large DNA cargos into the host genome. When combined with viral vectors, piggyBac can bring together two complementary capabilities: efficient viral delivery and stable, heritable genomic integration. Adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus (AdV), and lentivirus (LV) can all potentially serve as delivery - [Sleeping Beauty vs. PiggyBac Transposon Systems: Which Is Better for Stable Gene Delivery?](https://signagen.com/blog/sleeping-beauty-vs-piggybac-transposon-systems-which-is-better-for-stable-gene-delivery/) - The Sleeping Beauty (SB) and piggyBac (PB) transposon systems are two of the most widely used DNA transposon platforms for stable gene integration in mammalian cells. Both use a relatively simple two-component system consisting of a transposon carrying the gene of interest and a transposase that catalyzes genomic integration. Although the two systems share the - [Why Is AAV2 So Difficult to Produce at High Yield?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-is-aav2-so-difficult-to-produce-at-high-yield/) - Obtaining very high yields of Adeno-Associated Virus serotype 2 (AAV2) can be considerably more challenging than producing many other commonly used AAV serotypes. This is largely due to the unique biological properties of the AAV2 capsid and serotype-dependent differences in vector production, release, and recovery. Strong Cellular Retention and Limited Release One of the major - [GenBank Accession # for VP1 Proteins of AAV Serotypes 1–13](https://signagen.com/blog/genbank-accession-for-vp1-proteins-of-aav-serotypes-1-13/) - AAV1: NP_049542.1 AAV2: YP_680426.1 AAV3: NP_043941.1 AAV4: NP_044927.1 AAV5: YP_068409.1 AAV6: AAB95450. AAV7: YP_077178.1 AAV8: YP_077180.1 AAV9: AAS99264.1 AAV10: AAS99263.1 AAV11: AAT46339.1 AAV12: ABI16639.1 AAV13: ABZ10812.1 - [AAV13 VP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aav13-vp1-gene/) - atgactgacggttaccttccagattggctagaggacaacctctctgaaggcgttcgagagtggtgggcgctgcaacctggagcccctaaacccaaggcaaatcaacaacatcaggacaacgctcggggtcttgtgcttccgggttacaaatacctcggacccggcaacggacttgacaagggggaacccgtcaacgcagcggacgcggcagccctcgaacacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaggccggtgacaacccctacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtcttcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcggacgagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggatccttgagcctctgggtctggttgaggaagcggctaagacggctcctggaaaaaagagacctgtagagcaatctccagcagaaccggactcctcttcgggcatcggcaaatcaggccagcagcccgctagaaaaagactgaattttggtcagactggcgacacagagtcagtcccagaccctcaaccactcggacaacctcccgcagccccctctggtgtgggatctactacaatggcttcaggcggtggcgcaccaatggcagacaataacgagggtgccgatggagtgggtaattcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgcacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaatcacctctacaagcaaatctccagccaatcaggagccaccaacgacaaccactactttggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttttcaccacgtgactggcaaagactcatcaacaacaactggggattccgacccaagagactcaacttcaagctctttaacattcaagtcaaagaggtcacgcagaatgacggtacgacgacgattgccaataaccttaccagcacggttcaggtgtttactgactccgagtaccagctcccgtacgtcctcggctcggcgcatcagggatgcctcccgccgttcccagcagacgtcttcatggtcccacagtatggatacctcaccctgaacaacgggagtcaggcggtaggacgctcttccttttactgcctggagtactttccttctcagatgctgcgtactggaaacaactttcagtttagctacacttttgaagacgtgcctttccacagcagctacgctcacagccaaagtctggaccgtctcatgaatcctctgatcgaccagtacctgtactatctgaacaggacacaaacagccagtggaactcagcagtctcggctactgtttagccaagctggacccaccagtatgtctcttcaagctaaaaactggctgcctggaccttgctacagacagcagcgtctgtcaaagcaggcaaacgacaacaacaacagcaactttccctggactggtgccaccaaatatcatctgaatggccgggactcattggtgaacccgggccctgctatggccagtcacaaggatgacaaagaaaagtttttccccatgcatggaaccctgatatttggtaaagaaggaacaaatgccaacaacgcggatttggaaaatgtcatgattacagatgaagaagaaatccgcaccaccaatcccgtggctacggagcagtacgggactgtgtcaaataatttgcaaaactcaaacgctggtccaactactggaactgtcaatcaccaaggagcgttacctggtatggtgtggcaggatcgagacgtgtacctgcagggacccatttgggccaagattcctcacaccgatggacactttcatccttctccactgatgggaggttttgggctcaaacacccgcctcctcagatcatgatcaaaaacactcccgttccagccaatcctcccacaaactttagtgcggcaaagtttgcttccttcatcacacagtactccacggggcaggtcagcgtggagatcgagtgggagctgcagaaggagaacagcaaacgctggaatcccgaaattcagtacacttccaactacaacaaatctgttaatgtggactttactgtggacactaatggtgtgtattcagagcctcgccccattggcaccagatacctgactcgtaatctgtaa - [AAV12 VP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aav12-vp1-gene/) - atggctgctgacggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgaaggcattcgcgagtggtgggcgctgaaacctggagctccacaacccaaggccaaccaacagcatcaggacaacggcaggggtcttgtgcttcctgggtacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggagagccggtcaacgaggcagacgccgcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgacaagcagctcgagcagggggacaacccgtatctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagttccagcagcgcttggcgaccgacacctcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggattctcgagcctctgggtctggttgaagagggcgttaaaacggctcctggaaagaaacgcccattagaaaagactccaaatcggccgaccaacccggactctgggaaggccccggccaagaaaaagcaaaaagacggcgaaccagccgactctgctagaaggacactcgactttgaagactctggagcaggagacggaccccctgagggatcatcttccggagaaatgtctcatgatgctgagatgcgtgcggcgccaggcggaaatgctgtcgaggcgggacaaggtgccgatggagtgggtaatgcctccggtgattggcattgcgattccacctggtcagagggccgagtcaccaccaccagcacccgaacctgggtcctacccacgtacaacaaccacctgtacctgcgaatcggaacaacggccaacagcaacacctacaacggattctccaccccctggggatactttgactttaaccgcttccactgccacttttccccacgcgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggactcaggccgaaatcgatgcgtgttaaaatcttcaacatacaggtcaaggaggtcacgacgtcaaacggcgagactacggtcgctaataaccttaccagcacggttcagatctttgcggattcgacgtatgaactcccatacgtgatggacgccggtcaggaggggagctttcctccgtttcccaacgacgtctttatggttccccaatacggatactgcggagttgtcactggaaaaaaccagaaccagacagacagaaatgccttttactgcctggaatactttccatcccaaatgctaagaactggcaacaattttgaagtcagttaccaatttgaaaaagttcctttccattcaatgtacgcgcacagccagagcctggacagaatgatgaatcctttactggatcagtacctgtggcatctgcaatcgaccactaccggaaattcccttaatcaaggaacagctaccaccacgtacgggaaaattaccactggagactttgcctactacaggaaaaactggttgcctggagcctgcattaaacaacaaaaattttcaaagaatgccaatcaaaactacaagattcccgccagcgggggagacgcccttttaaagtatgacacgcataccactctaaatgggcgatggagtaacatggctcctggacctccaatggcaaccgcaggtgccggggactcggattttagcaacagccagctgatctttgccggacccaatccgagcggtaacacgaccacatcttcaaacaatttgttgtttacctcagaagaggagattgccacaacaaacccacgagacacggacatgtttggacagattgcagataataatcaaaatgccaccaccgcccctcacatcgctaacctggacgctatgggaattgttcccggaatggtctggcaaaacagagacatctactaccagggccctatttgggccaaggtccctcacacggacggacactttcacccttcgccgctgatgggaggatttggactgaaacacccgcctccacagattttcatcaaaaacacccccgtacccgccaatcccaatactacctttagcgctgcaaggattaattcttttctgacgcagtacagcaccggacaagttgccgttcagatcgactgggaaattcagaaggagcattccaaacgctggaatcccgaagttcaatttacttcaaactacggcactcaaaattctatgctgtgggctcccgacaatgctggcaactaccacgaactccgggctattgggtcccgtttcctcacccaccacttgtaa - [AAV11 VP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aav11-vp1-gene/) - atggctgctgacggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacctgaaacctggagccccgaagcccaaggccaaccagcagaagcaggacgacggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaagaagagggtactcgaacctctgggcctggttgaagaaggtgctaaaacggctcctggaaagaagagaccgttagagtcaccacaagagcccgactcctcctcgggcatcggcaaaaaaggcaaacaaccagccagaaagaggctcaactttgaagaggacactggagccggagacggaccccctgaaggatcagataccagcgccatgtcttcagacattgaaatgcgtgcagcaccgggcggaaatgctgtcgatgcgggacaaggttccgatggagtgggtaatgcctcgggtgattggcattgcgattccacctggtctgagggcaaggtcacaacaacctcgaccagaacctgggtcttgcccacctacaacaaccacttgtacctgcgtctcggaacaacatcaagcagcaacacctacaacggattctccaccccctggggatattttgacttcaacagattccactgtcacttctcaccacgtgactggcaaagactcatcaacaacaactggggactacgaccaaaagccatgcgcgttaaaatcttcaatatccaagttaaggaggtcacaacgtcgaacggcgagactacggtcgctaataaccttaccagcacggttcagatatttgcggactcgtcgtatgagctcccgtacgtgatggacgctggacaagaggggagcctgcctcctttccccaatgacgtgttcatggtgcctcaatatggctactgtggcatcgtgactggcgagaatcagaaccaaacggacagaaacgctttctactgcctggagtattttccttcgcaaatgttgagaactggcaacaactttgaaatggcttacaactttgagaaggtgccgttccactcaatgtatgctcacagccagagcctggacagactgatgaatcccctcctggaccagtacctgtggcacttacagtcgactacctctggagagactctgaatcaaggcaatgcagcaaccacatttggaaaaatcaggagtggagactttgccttttacagaaagaactggctgcctgggccttgtgttaaacagcagagattctcaaaaactgccagtcaaaattacaagattcctgccagcgggggcaacgctctgttaaagtatgacacccactataccttaaacaaccgctggagcaacatcgcgcccggacctccaatggccacagccggaccttcggatggggacttcagtaacgcccagcttatattccctggaccatctgttaccggaaatacaacaacttcagccaacaatctgttgtttacatcagaagaagaaattgctgccaccaacccaagagacacggacatgtttggccagattgctgacaataatcagaatgctacaactgctcccataaccggcaacgtgactgctatgggagtgctgcctggcatggtgtggcaaaacagagacatttactaccaagggccaatttgggccaagatcccacacgcggacggacattttcatccttcaccgctgattggtgggtttggactgaaacacccgcctccccagatattcatcaagaacactcccgtacctgccaatcctgcgacaaccttcactgcagccagagtggactctttcatcacacaatacagcaccggccaggtcgctgttcagattgaatgggaaattgaaaaggaacgctccaaacgctggaatcctgaagtgcagtttacttcaaactatgggaaccagtcttctatgttgtgggctcctgatacaactgggaagtatacagagccgcgggttattggctctcgttatttgactaatcatttgtaa - [AAV(BI30)-ICAM2-GFP-WPRE and AAV(BI30)-ICAM2-GFP-3xmiR122-WPRE, Ready to Package for Endothelial Cell Transduction in CNS](https://signagen.com/blog/aavbi30-icam2-gfp-wpre-ready-to-package/) - [AAV8 vs. AAV(Rec2): Which Capsid Is Better for Adipose Tissue Gene Delivery?](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-vs-aavrec2-which-capsid-is-better-for-adipose-tissue-gene-delivery/) - Selecting the right AAV serotype is critical for achieving efficient gene transfer to adipose tissue. While AAV8 has been widely used for metabolic research, AAV(Rec2) has emerged as an engineered capsid with significantly improved adipose tropism. Key Comparison 🧬 AAV8 Well-established serotype for in vivo studies Efficient transduction of both white and brown adipose tissue - [AAV dosing for mouse adipose tissue studies](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-dosing-for-mouse-adipose-tissue-studies/) - [Home made qPCR Master Mix](https://signagen.com/blog/home-made-qpcr-master-mix/) - qPCR Buffer (2×) - [DOS & DON'TS OF PLASMID PURIFICATION](https://signagen.com/blog/dos-donts-of-plasmid-purification/) - Plasmid purification is a common technique in most molecular biology labs. While the standard alkaline lysis method had been well established, a surprising number of things still can go wrong. This guide lists some of the common Dos and Don’ts of plasmid purification. DO: MAKE YOUR E. COLI RICH (AT LEAST THEIR MEDIA) The yield of plasmid - [Standard Poly(A)+ Buffer Recipe](https://signagen.com/blog/standard-polya-buffer-recipe/) - This formulation creates a buffer containing 100 ng/μL Poly(A) and 0.01% Pluronic F-68 in DNA Suspension Buffer (e.g., 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0). Reagents Needed: DNA Suspension Buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) Poly(A) salt (e.g., potassium or sodium salt) Pluronic F-68 (10% solution) Preparation Steps: Make a Poly(A) Stock Solution: Resuspend 100 mg of - [How to Improve 2A Linker Cleavage Efficiency](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-improve-2a-linker-cleavage-efficiency/) - 2A peptides are short viral sequences commonly used to express multiple proteins from a single open reading frame. Rather than functioning as conventional protease-cleavable linkers, 2A peptides cause a co-translational “ribosome-skipping” event, producing separate upstream and downstream proteins. Although 2A-mediated separation is usually efficient, incomplete cleavage may generate an unwanted fusion protein. Cleavage efficiency can - [Nuclear Localization Signals(NLS) and Nuclear Export Signal (NES)](https://signagen.com/blog/nuclear-localization-signalsnls-and-nuclear-export-signal-nes/) - Many biological processes depend not only on which protein is expressed, but also where that protein is located within the cell. By engineering proteins with a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) or a Nuclear Export Signal (NES), researchers can precisely direct proteins into or out of the nucleus, making these peptide sequences indispensable tools in molecular - [How Trypsinization Time Affects HEK293 Cell Growth and AAV/Lentivirus Production](https://signagen.com/blog/how-trypsinization-time-affects-hek293-cell-growth-and-aav-lentivirus-production/) - HEK293 and HEK293T cells are among the most widely used cell lines for recombinant protein expression and viral vector production, including adeno-associated virus (AAV), lentivirus, and adenovirus. While most researchers focus on factors such as cell confluency, passage number, and transfection conditions, one seemingly simple step—trypsinization—can have a surprisingly large impact on cell health and - [The Role of Poly(A) (Polyadenylic Acid) in AAV Sample Dilution for ddPCR Titration](https://signagen.com/blog/the-role-of-polya-polyadenylic-acid-in-aav-sample-dilution-for-ddpcr-titration/) - In Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) titration of recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) samples, Poly(A) (Polyadenylic Acid) is frequently added to the dilution buffer (typically alongside a surfactant like Pluronic F-68 or Tween-20). It serves a critical role as a carrier nucleic acid, preventing the loss of low-concentration viral genomes and ensuring highly accurate, reproducible quantification. Here - [The Subtle Saboteur of AAV ddPCR: Are You Underestimating Your Titers?](https://signagen.com/blog/the-subtle-saboteur-of-aav-ddpcr-are-you-underestimating-your-titers/) - If you are quantifying recombinant AAV genomes using Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR), you already know the stakes. An accurate titer is the foundation of everything downstream—from Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) in vitro to precise in vivo dosing. But if your dilution buffer doesn’t include Poly(A) (Polyadenylic Acid), your data might be lying to you. Here - [AAV(PHP.eB)-GfaABC1D-Cre-4x6T, Ready-to-Package for Enhanced-Efficacy Cre Expression in Astrocytes](https://signagen.com/blog/aavphp-eb-gfaabc1d-cre-4x6t-ready-to-package-for-enhanced-efficacy-cre-expression-in-astrocytes/) - [LV-pHluorin(M153R)-CD63-mScarlet, Ready to Package to Visualize and Quantify Extracellular Vesicle (EV) and Exosome Secretion and Uptake](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-phluorinm153r-cd63-mscarlet-ready-to-package-to-visualize-and-quantify-extracellular-vesicle-ev-and-exosome-secretion-and-uptake/) - [AAV9-Syn-ASAP5, AAV9-TRE3G-Cre, AAV9-TRE3G-GFP, Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-syn-asap5-aav9-tre3g-cre-aav9-tre3g-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV9-H1-gRNA1(BDNF)-U6-gRNA2(BDNF)-7SK-gRNA3(BDNF), a Ready-to-Package AAV Vector Featuring a Three-Cassette Tandem Configuration for CRISPR Activation of BDNF Gene Expression in dCas9-Ep300 Mice](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-h1-grna1bdnf-u6-grna2bdnf-7sk-grna3bdnf-a-three-cassette-tandem-configuration-ready-to-package-aav-to-enhance-bdnf-gene-expression-in-a-dcas9-ep300-mouse/) - [Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicator (GEVI)-ASAP5](https://signagen.com/blog/genetically-encoded-voltage-indicator-gevi-asap5/) - ASAP5 is a cutting-edge Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicator (GEVI) used in neuroscience to monitor the electrical activity of neurons in real time. Developed by Michael Lin's lab at Stanford University (released via Neuron in late 2024), it represents a major iteration in the ASAP (Accelerated Sensor of Action Potentials) family of molecular biosensors. How It - [AAV(BI30)-CAG-ASAP5-WPRE, Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavbi30-cag-asap5-wpre-ready-to-package/) - [Lentivirus vs. Retrovirus: Which Viral Vector Is Right for Your Research?](https://signagen.com/blog/lentivirus-vs-retrovirus-which-viral-vector-is-right-for-your-research/) - Viral vectors are powerful tools for stable gene delivery and long-term transgene expression. Among the most commonly used systems are lentiviral and retroviral vectors. While both belong to the Retroviridae family and integrate their genetic payload into the host genome, they differ significantly in their biological properties and research applications. What Is a Lentiviral Vector? - [Mass Photometry Analysis of Empty Capsids in a Custom-Made AAV Preparation](https://signagen.com/blog/a-mass-photometry-assay-for-a-custom-made-aav/) - [AAV6 vs. Ark313: Which Vector Is Better for T-Cell Gene Delivery?](https://signagen.com/blog/aav6-vs-ark313-which-vector-is-better-for-t-cell-gene-delivery/) - Among the many AAV serotypes available for gene delivery, AAV6 has long been considered one of the leading vectors for T-cell engineering. More recently, Ark313—an engineered AAV6-derived capsid—has emerged as a highly specialized vector with dramatically improved performance in murine T cells. What Is AAV6? AAV6 is a naturally occurring adeno-associated virus serotype widely used - [Tips and tricks for performing ddPCR](https://signagen.com/blog/tips-and-tricks-for-performing-ddpcr/) - Clean everything You must have a clean working area to titrate your AAV by ddPCR. Droplet digital PCR is a sensitive assay, so cross-contamination into a no-template control (NTC) well is common. Here are some steps you can take to achieve a clean NTC: Have a dedicated bench with a dedicated set of pipettes for - [What is HaloTag® Technology?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-halotag-technology/) - HaloTag® is a versatile protein tagging system widely used in molecular biology, cell biology, and neuroscience research. The HaloTag protein forms a rapid and irreversible covalent bond with synthetic HaloTag ligands, enabling highly stable and specific labeling of proteins in live cells and tissues. Key advantages of HaloTag technology include: • Strong and permanent covalent - [AAV Aggregation vs. Adenovirus Aggregation: Which Causes Greater Loss of Infectivity?](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-aggregation-vs-adenovirus-aggregation-which-causes-greater-loss-of-infectivity/) - In general, adenovirus aggregation usually causes a much greater loss of infectivity than AAV aggregation. Here is the practical difference: Why Adenovirus Loses Infectivity More Easily Adenovirus is: Much larger More structurally complex More prone to particle-particle interaction More sensitive to formulation conditions When adenovirus aggregates: receptor binding becomes impaired internalization efficiency drops plaque-forming activity - [At What Titer Does Adenovirus Begin to Aggregate?](https://signagen.com/blog/at-what-titer-does-adenovirus-begin-to-aggregate/) - Adenovirus aggregation does not occur at one exact titer, but the probability increases significantly as the viral concentration becomes higher. Typical observations are as follows: ≤1 × 10¹² VP/mL → low aggregation risk 1–5 × 10¹² VP/mL → moderate aggregation risk ≥5 × 10¹² VP/mL → high aggregation risk ≥1 × 10¹³ VP/mL → very - [Optimal Fold Ratio for Adenovirus Amplification](https://signagen.com/blog/optimal-fold-amplification-ratio-for-adenovirus-production/) - One of the key factors affecting adenovirus yield and quality is the amplification ratio used during viral expansion. General recommendations: • Initial amplification from a low-titer stock:→ Use a conservative amplification ratio around 1:10 to 1:20 • Routine amplification using a healthy high-titer stock:→ A ratio of 1:50 to 1:100 is commonly effective The goal - [Why Is A195 Buffer One of the Best Buffers for Long-Term Adenovirus Storage?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-is-a195-buffer-one-of-the-best-buffers-for-long-term-adenovirus-storage/) - Adenovirus can gradually lose infectivity during storage due to capsid instability, aggregation, freeze–thaw stress, surface adsorption, and pH changes. A195 buffer was specifically developed to minimize these issues and preserve adenoviral stability over extended periods. A typical A195 formulation contains: Tris-HCl Histidine NaCl Sucrose MgCl₂ Polysorbate-80 Low-level EDTA Small amount of ethanol Each component contributes - [How to Prevent Adenovirus Aggregation](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-prevent-adenovirus-aggregation/) - Adenovirus aggregation is a common issue during viral amplification, purification, concentration, and storage. Once adenoviral particles aggregate together, the virus may lose infectivity, produce lower functional titers, and show reduced consistency in downstream applications. Several factors can contribute to adenovirus aggregation, including excessive viral concentration, harsh handling, repeated freeze–thaw cycles, improper buffer composition, and contamination - [Can Adenovirus Aggregation Cause Loss of Infectivity?](https://signagen.com/blog/can-adenovirus-aggregation-cause-loss-of-infectivity/) - Yes — adenovirus aggregation can significantly reduce viral infectivity, even when a large number of viral particles are still physically present. When adenoviral particles become overly concentrated or improperly handled, they can clump together (“aggregate”). These aggregates often lead to a dramatic drop in functional infectious titer (PFU/mL or TCID50), despite apparently high total particle - [CsCl Gradient Ultracentrifugation vs Column-Based Plasmid Purification: Which Produces Higher Quality Plasmid DNA?](https://signagen.com/blog/cscl-gradient-ultracentrifugation-vs-column-based-plasmid-purification-which-produces-higher-quality-plasmid-dna/) - Plasmid DNA quality is a critical factor for transfection, viral vector production, sequencing, and therapeutic applications. Two of the most commonly used purification approaches are: • CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation• Silica column-based plasmid purification Although both methods can produce high-quality plasmid DNA, they differ substantially in purity, scalability, labor intensity, and structural integrity of the final - [Why Do Plasmids Prepared from E. coli Sometimes Show Dimerization or Multimerization?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-do-plasmids-prepared-from-e-coli-sometimes-show-dimerization-or-multimerization/) - Plasmid DNA propagated in E. coli can occasionally form dimers, multimers, or other higher-order concatemer structures instead of remaining as monomeric circular plasmids. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as plasmid dimerization or multimerization. 🧬 What Causes Plasmid Dimerization? Several mechanisms may contribute to plasmid multimer formation during bacterial replication: ✅ Homologous RecombinationThe most common - [What Is the Acceptable Level of E. coli DNA Contamination in a Final Plasmid Preparation?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-the-acceptable-level-of-e-coli-dna-contamination-in-a-final-plasmid-preparation/) - Residual E. coli genomic DNA contamination is an important quality parameter in plasmid DNA production, especially for transfection, viral vector packaging, and therapeutic applications. During plasmid purification, bacterial chromosomal DNA can be unintentionally co-purified along with plasmid DNA if lysis and purification are not carefully optimized. 🧬 Why Residual E. coli DNA Matters Excess bacterial - [What Is a Transfection-Grade Viral Plasmid?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-a-transfection-grade-viral-plasmid/) - A transfection-grade viral plasmid refers to high-quality plasmid DNA specifically prepared for efficient transfection into mammalian cells during viral vector production, such as AAV, lentivirus, or adenovirus packaging. The quality of plasmid DNA plays a critical role in:• Transfection efficiency• Cell viability• Viral vector yield• Consistency of viral production• Overall vector quality 🔬 Key Characteristics - [Choosing the Right Competent Cells for High-Fidelity Plasmid Propagation](https://signagen.com/blog/choosing-the-right-competent-cells-for-high-fidelity-plasmid-propagation/) - When propagating plasmids—especially viral vectors such as AAV or lentiviral constructs—selecting the right competent cell strain is critical to minimize unwanted mutations, recombination events, and plasmid rearrangements during amplification. 🔬 Recommended Competent Cell Strains for Maximum Plasmid Stability ✅ NEB Stable Competent E. coliOne of the best options for maintaining unstable or repetitive plasmids. Ideal - [DasherGFP vs EGFP](https://signagen.com/blog/dashergfp-vs-egfp/) - DasherGFP and Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein are both green fluorescent proteins used as reporters in molecular and cell biology, but they differ in several important properties. Key Differences Between DasherGFP and EGFP Why DasherGFP Is Useful DasherGFP is typically fused to a degradation sequence (such as PEST domains), causing rapid proteasomal degradation. This allows researchers - [Conditioned Medium vs. Regular Medium: Does It Really Matter During Single-Cell Cloning?](https://signagen.com/blog/conditioned-medium-vs-regular-medium-does-it-really-matter-during-single-cell-cloning/) - Single-cell cloning is one of the most critical steps in stable cell line development. Whether generating monoclonal cell populations after lentiviral transduction, CRISPR editing, or recombinant protein engineering, researchers often face one major challenge: A single isolated cell frequently struggles to survive and proliferate. One commonly used strategy to improve cloning efficiency is the use - [Why Conditioned Medium Is Used During Single-Clone Selection](https://signagen.com/blog/why-conditioned-medium-is-used-during-single-clone-selection/) - Single-cell cloning is a critical step in stable cell line development, monoclonal population isolation, CRISPR screening, and recombinant protein production. However, one major challenge during single-clone selection is that isolated single cells often grow very poorly—or fail to survive entirely. To improve cloning efficiency and support colony formation, researchers commonly use conditioned medium. What Is - [Why Is a Lower MOI Commonly Used for Lentiviral Stable Cell Line Generation?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-is-a-lower-moi-commonly-used-for-lentiviral-stable-cell-line-generation/) - When generating stable cell lines using lentiviral vectors, one of the most important experimental parameters is the multiplicity of infection (MOI)—the average number of viral particles added per target cell. Although it may seem intuitive that a higher MOI would improve transduction outcomes, most researchers intentionally use a lower MOI when developing stable cell lines. - [Mechanisms Underlying Polybrene-Mediated Enhancement of Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency](https://signagen.com/blog/mechanisms-underlying-polybrene-mediated-enhancement-of-lentiviral-transduction-efficiency/) - Lentiviral vectors are widely used for stable gene delivery in both basic research and translational applications. However, efficient transduction can sometimes be challenging, particularly in primary cells, stem cells, or other difficult-to-transduce cell types. One of the most commonly used additives to improve lentiviral transduction efficiency is Polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide). What Is Polybrene? Polybrene is - [Do Penicillin/Streptomycin Affect Lentiviral Transduction?](https://signagen.com/blog/do-penicillin-streptomycin-affect-lentiviral-transduction/) - Lentiviral transduction is widely used for stable gene delivery in mammalian cells. A common question during experimental setup is whether penicillin/streptomycin (Pen/Strep) impacts transduction efficiency. The short answer: Yes—indirectly. 🔍 Do Pen/Strep Inactivate Lentivirus? No. Penicillin and streptomycin do not directly interfere with lentiviral particles. Penicillin targets bacterial cell wall synthesis Streptomycin targets bacterial ribosomes - [Generating Single-Cell–Derived Stable Cell Lines Using Lentiviral Vectors](https://signagen.com/blog/🧬-generating-single-cell-derived-stable-cell-lines-using-lentiviral-vectors/) - Lentiviral vectors have become a cornerstone technology for the generation of stable cell lines, particularly when single-cell clonality and long-term transgene expression are required. Their ability to integrate into the host genome enables durable and heritable expression across cell divisions, making them highly suitable for both basic research and translational applications. 🔬 Scientific Principle Lentiviruses, - [Lentiviral Delivery of shRNA and gRNA for Stable Cell Line Generation](https://signagen.com/blog/lentiviral-delivery-of-shrna-and-grna-for-stable-cell-line-generation/) - Lentiviral vectors are widely used for generating stable mammalian cell lines due to their ability to integrate into the host genome and sustain long-term expression. Two of the most common applications include delivery of shRNA for gene knockdown and gRNA for CRISPR-based genome editing. While both strategies rely on lentiviral integration, they differ fundamentally in - [Selection of Antibiotic Markers for Stable Cell Line Generation: Cell Type–Dependent Considerations](https://signagen.com/blog/selection-of-antibiotic-markers-for-stable-cell-line-generation-cell-type-dependent-considerations/) - The generation of stable cell lines is a fundamental technique in molecular and cellular biology, enabling sustained transgene expression for functional studies, protein production, and gene editing applications. A critical step in this process is the selection of successfully modified cells using antibiotic resistance markers. However, the effectiveness of antibiotic selection is highly cell–type–dependent, and - [Choosing the Most Suitable Viral System for Stable Cell Line Generation](https://signagen.com/blog/🧬-choosing-the-most-suitable-viral-system-for-stable-cell-line-generation/) - The generation of stable cell lines requires persistent, heritable expression of a transgene. Among commonly used viral vector systems, lentiviral vectors are widely regarded as the most suitable platform for this purpose due to their unique biological and technical advantages. Why Lentivirus Is the Preferred System 1. Stable Genomic IntegrationLentiviral vectors integrate their genetic cargo - [Antibiotic Selection Strategies for Lentiviral Stable Cell Line Generation](https://signagen.com/blog/🧬-antibiotic-selection-strategies-for-lentiviral-stable-cell-line-generation/) - Efficient antibiotic selection is a critical step in the generation of stable cell lines following lentiviral transduction. The choice of selection marker directly impacts selection speed, stringency, and overall cell viability, ultimately influencing the quality and reproducibility of the resulting stable population. Puromycin: The Preferred Selection Marker Among available antibiotic resistance systems, puromycin is widely - [Most commonly used cell lines for generating stable cell lines using lentiviral transduction](https://signagen.com/blog/most-commonly-used-cell-lines-for-generating-stable-cell-lines-using-lentiviral-transduction/) - 🧬 HEK293 / HEK293T Cells (Human Embryonic Kidney) Why they’re popular: Extremely high transduction efficiency Very easy to culture and expand Compatible with most promoters (e.g., CMV, EF1α, CAG) Typical use: Proof-of-concept experiments Overexpression or knockdown studies Viral production (especially lentiviral packaging system) 🧫 HeLa Cells (Human Cervical Cancer) Key features: Robust and highly proliferative - [AAV(PHP.eB)-CAG-GFP-httQ72 and AAV(PHP.eB)-Syn-GFP-httQ72, Ready to Package for the Generation of Huntington’s Disease Animal Model](https://signagen.com/blog/aavphp-eb-cag-gfp-httq72-and-aavphp-eb-syn-gfp-httq72-ready-to-package-for-the-generation-of-huntingtons-disease-animal-model/) - [Transfection Efficiency: What Makes Plasmid DNA Transfection Grade](https://signagen.com/blog/transfection-efficiency-what-makes-plasmid-dna-transfection-grade/) - Successful transient transfection relies on many factors, starting with a successful plasmid prep. To ensure high transfection efficiency, resulting DNA from your plasmid preps must be transfection grade. But what does transfection grade really mean? Well, transfection grade refers to a couple of characteristics of the plasmid itself, namely the topology of the construct, the - [Why do I see amplification curves in my NTC samples?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-do-i-see-amplification-curves-in-my-ntc-samples/) - Products can appear in non-template control (NTC) wells due to the ability of some primer sequences to form structures that can be used as substrates by DNA polymerases. The most common version of this problem is the “primer dimer”, wherein some small regions of complementarity in the two qPCR primers permit the production of an - [AAV8-CAG-Tet-On(3G)-WPRE and AAV(BI30)-CAG-Tet-On(3G)-WPRE, Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-cag-tet-on3g-wpre-and-aavbi30-cag-tet-on3g-wpre-ready-to-package/) - [AAV2-mSncg-GFP-WPRE, In 3 Different Versions, Ready to Package for Transduction of Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs)](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-msncg-gfp-wpre-ready-to-package/) - [Why Uncut Plasmid DNA on Agarose Gel Has 3 Bands](https://signagen.com/blog/one-molecule-many-forms-why-uncut-plasmid-dna-on-agarose-gel-has-3-bands/) - When uncut plasmid DNA is isolated and run on an agarose gel, you may observe two, three, or even four or more bands. Hopefully, the majority of your isolated DNA will be supercoiled, but other forms can also crop up. How these forms will show up on an agarose gel (in terms of relative migration speeds) is - [Toxicity of AAV2 Rep78 and Rep68](https://signagen.com/blog/toxicity-of-aav2-rep78-and-rep68/) - Rep78 and Rep68 are the large AAV Rep proteins encoded from the p5 promoter, and they are notoriously cytotoxic when expressed in mammalian cells. Their toxicity is the main reason Rep expression must be tightly controlled during AAV production. Why Rep78/68 are toxic Their normal functions overlap with essential host-cell processes: DNA binding & nicking - [Isopycnic Centrifugation](https://signagen.com/blog/isopycnic-centrifugation/) - In isopycnic separation, also called buoyant or equilibrium separation, particles are separated solely on the basis of their density. Particle size only affects the rate at which particles move until their density is the same as the surrounding gradient medium. The density of the gradient medium must be greater than the density of the particles - [Hepatitis B Virus Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/hepatitis-b-virus/) - [Easi-CRISPR for creating knock-in and conditional knockout mouse models using long ssDNA donors](https://signagen.com/blog/easi-crispr-for-creating-knock-in-and-conditional-knockout-mouse-models-using-long-ssdna-donors/) - CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing can easily generate knockout mouse models by disrupting the gene sequence, but its efficiency for creating models that require either insertion of exogenous DNA (knock-in) or replacement of genomic segments is very poor. The majority of mouse models used in research involve knock-in (reporters or recombinases) or gene replacement (e.g., conditional knockout - [One-step generation of complete gene knockout mice and monkeys by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing with multiple sgRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/one-step-generation-of-complete-gene-knockout-mice-and-monkeys-by-crisprcas9-mediated-gene-editing-with-multiple-sgrnas/) - The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an efficient gene-editing method, but the majority of gene-edited animals showed mosaicism, with editing occurring only in a portion of cells. Here we show that single gene or multiple genes can be completely knocked out in mouse and monkey embryos by zygotic injection of Cas9 mRNA and multiple adjacent single-guide RNAs - [CRISPR Genome Editing in Mice from He Lab at UC Berkeley](https://signagen.com/blog/crispr-genome-editing-in-mice-from-he-lab-at-uc-berkeley/) - ​CRISPR-mediated mouse genome editing is typically accomplished by microinjection of Cas9 DNA/RNA and sgRNA into zygotes to achieve editing in one step. We developed a simple and economic electroporation-based strategy, designated as CRISPR RNP Electroporation of Zygotes (CRISPR-EZ), to deliver Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) into mouse zygotes with 100% efficiency. CRISPR-EZ enables highly efficient and high-throughput - [CRISPR/Cas9-based generation of knockdown mice by intronic insertion of artificial microRNA using longer single-stranded DNA](https://signagen.com/blog/crisprcas9-based-generation-of-knockdown-mice-by-intronic-insertion-of-artificial-microrna-using-longer-single-stranded-dna/) - Knockdown mouse models, where gene dosages can be modulated, provide valuable insights into gene function. Typically, such models are generated by embryonic stem (ES) cell-based targeted insertion, or pronuclear injection, of the knockdown expression cassette. However, these methods are associated with laborious and time-consuming steps, such as the generation of large constructs with elements needed - [Side-by-side comparison of lentivirus vs AAV specifically for HDR applications](https://signagen.com/blog/side-by-side-comparison-of-lentivirus-vs-aav-specifically-for-hdr-applications-2/) - Precise genome editing using homology-directed repair (HDR) requires efficient delivery of a donor template into target cells. Viral vectors are commonly used to introduce HDR donor DNA, with lentivirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) being two widely utilized systems. Although both vectors can deliver donor templates, they differ significantly in genome structure, integration behavior, packaging capacity, - [AAV9-TRE3G-Cre and AAV9-TRE3G-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-tre3g-cre-and-aav9-tre3g-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV(ShH10)-CMV-GFP, Ready to Package for Efficient Transduction of Müller Glia Cells](https://signagen.com/blog/aavshh10-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package-for-efficiently-transduction-of-muller-glia-cells/) - [AAV9 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-complete-genome/) - 1 cagagaggga gtggccaact ccatcactag gggtaatcgc gaagcgcctc ccacgctgcc 61 gcgtcagcgc tgacgtagat tacgtcatag gggagtggtc ctgtattagc tgtcacgtga 121 gtgcttttgc gacattttgc gacaccacat ggccatttga ggtatatatg gccgagtgag 181 cgagcaggat ctccattttg accgcgaaat ttgaacgagc agcagccatg ccgggcttct 241 acgagattgt gatcaaggtg ccgagcgacc tggacgagca cctgccgggc atttctgact 301 cttttgtgaa ctgggtggcc gagaaggaat gggagctgcc cccggattct gacatggatc 361 ggaatctgat cgagcaggca cccctgaccg tggccgagaa gctgcagcgc gacttcctgg 421 tccaatggcg ccgcgtgagt aaggccccgg aggccctctt ctttgttcag - [AAV NP59 VP1 Gene Amino Acid Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-np59-vp1-gene-amino-acid-sequence/) - MAADGYLPDWLEDTLSEGIRQWWKLKPGPPPPKPAERHKDDSRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDRQLDSGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEPVKTAPGKKRPVEHSPVEPDSSSGTGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSGLGTNTMATGSGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKKLSFKLFNIQVKEVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTNTPSGTTTQSRLQFSQAGASDIRDQSRNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTSADNNNSEYSWAGATKYHLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEKFFPQSGVLIFGKQGSEKTNVDIEKVMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGSVSTNLQRGNRQAATADVDTQGVLPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANPSTTFSAAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNKSVNVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL - [AAV NP84 VP1 Gene Amino Acid Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-np84-vp1-gene-amino-acid-sequence/) - MAADGYLPDWLEDTLSEGIRQWWKLKPGPPPPKPAERHKDDSRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDRQLDSGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEPVKTAPGKKRPVEHSPVEPDSSSGTGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSGLGTNTMATGSGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKKLSFKLFNIQVKEVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTNTPSGTTTQSRLQFSQAGASDIRDQSRNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTSADNNNSEYSWTGATKYHLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEEFFPQSGVLIFGKQGSEKTNVDIEKVMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGSVSTNLQGGNRQAATADVNTQGVLPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANPSTTFSAAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNKSVNVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL - [AAV9-CLDN5-GFP and AAV9-CLDN5-iCre Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-cldn5-gfp-and-aav9-cldn5-icre-ready-to-package/) - [AAV1-RAX-GFP, AAV1-RAX-Cre-GFP and AAV1-RAX-Cre-T2A-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav1-rax-cre-gfp-and-aav1-rax-cre-t2a-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [Novel AAV-F AAV-S for Neuronal Cortex Transduction](https://signagen.com/blog/novel-aav-f-for-neuronal-cortex-transduction/) - AAV-F and AAV-S were confirmed to mediate transgene expression in the brain cortex more than 65-fold (astrocytes) and 171-fold (neurons) higher than the parental AAV9. The VP1 amino acid sequence is as follows. AAV-F: MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTESVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAHEGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNDGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFQFSYEFENVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSKTINGSGQNQQTLKFSVAGPSNMAVQGRNYIPGPSYRQQRVSTTVTQNNNSEFAWPGASSWALNGRNSLMNPGPAMASHKEGEDRFFPLSGSLIFGKQGTGRDNVDADKVMITNEEEIKTTNPVATESYGQVATNHQSAQFVVGQSYAQAQTGWVQNQGILPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGMKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTAFNKDKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKSNNVEFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL AAV-S: MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTESVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAHEGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNDGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFQFSYEFENVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSKTINGSGQNQQTLKFSVAGPSNMAVQGRNYIPGPSYRQQRVSTTVTQNNNSEFAWPGASSWALNGRNSLMNPGPAMASHKEGEDRFFPLSGSLIFGKQGTGRDNVDADKVMITNEEEIKTTNPVATESYGQVATNHQSAQSTTLYSPAQAQTGWVQNQGILPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGMKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTAFNKDKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKSNNVEFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL - [qPCR: Avoiding Signals in the No-template Control (NTC)](https://signagen.com/blog/qpcr-avoiding-signals-in-the-no-template-control/) - This month's question from the Molecular Biology Forums (online at molecularbiology.forums.biotechniques.com) comes from the “Real-time qPCR/qRT-PCR Methods” section. Entries have been edited for concision and clarity. Mentions of specific products and manufacturers have been retained from the original posts, but do not represent endorsements by, or the opinions of, BioTechniques. Molecular Biology Techniques Q&A How can - [What are the differences among Ad5 , Ad35 or AD5f35 and Ad19 Adenoviral Backbones](https://signagen.com/blog/what-are-the-differences-among-ad5-ad35-or-ad5f35-and-ad19-adenoviral-backbones/) - The key differences among Ad5, Ad35, Ad5F35, and Ad19 mainly come down to receptor usage, cell tropism, and immunogenicity—which directly affect how efficiently they transduce different cell types. 🔬 1. Ad5 (Adenovirus Serotype 5) Receptor: CAR (Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor)Tropism: Epithelial cells, many adherent cell linesKey features: Most commonly used adenoviral vector High transduction efficiency - [Cuo–CymR System (Copper-Responsive Gene Regulation)](https://signagen.com/blog/cuo-cymr-system-copper-responsive-gene-regulation/) - The Cuo–CymR system is a copper-responsive regulatory module found in certain bacteria that helps maintain copper homeostasis—the balance between essential copper utilization and prevention of copper toxicity. Copper ions are required as cofactors for many enzymes but become highly toxic when accumulated in excess because they promote oxidative stress and damage cellular components. The Cuo–CymR - [DREADDs vs. Optogenetics: Key Differences](https://signagen.com/blog/dreadds-vs-optogenetics-key-differences/) - Both DREADDs (chemogenetics) and optogenetics allow precise control of defined cell populations, especially neurons, but they differ fundamentally in how stimulation is delivered, the temporal resolution achieved, and experimental complexity. 🧪 DREADDs (Chemogenetics) How it works:Cells express engineered GPCRs activated only by synthetic ligands (e.g., CNO, DCZ, C21). Ligand delivery activates intracellular signaling pathways. Key - [GiDREADD(hM4D(Gi)) vs GqDREADD (hM3D(Gq))](https://signagen.com/blog/gidreaddhm4dgi-vs-gqdreadd-hm3dgq/) - Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) are engineered GPCRs used to remotely control cellular activity—most commonly neurons—using otherwise inert ligands (e.g., CNO, deschloroclozapine). Mechanistic Summary 🧊 Gi-DREADD (hM4Di) — “OFF Switch” Mimics inhibitory GPCR signaling Reduces neuronal excitability Commonly used for reversible silencing of circuits Produces behavioral suppression effects in vivo Key mechanisms - [Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs)](https://signagen.com/blog/genetically-encoded-calcium-indicators-gecis/) - 4 Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs) are fluorescent proteins engineered to report intracellular calcium (Ca²⁺) dynamics in living cells. Because Ca²⁺ influx closely accompanies neuronal firing, synaptic activity, muscle contraction, and many signaling pathways, GECIs provide a powerful way to visualize cellular activity in real time. 🧬 How GECIs Work Most GECIs are based on - [Commonly Used Luciferase Reporters in Research](https://signagen.com/blog/luciferase-reporter-comparison-table/) - 4 Luciferase reporters are bioluminescent enzymes that emit light upon reacting with specific substrates. They are widely used for gene expression analysis, promoter studies, in vivo imaging, and high-throughput screening due to their high sensitivity and low background. ⭐ Major Luciferase Systems 🟡 Firefly Luciferase (fLuc) Source: Photinus pyralis (firefly) Substrate: D-luciferin Emission: Yellow-green (~560 - [TRE vs. TRE3G](https://signagen.com/blog/tre-vs-tre3g/) - Both TRE and TRE3G are doxycycline-responsive promoters used in Tet-regulated gene expression systems, but they differ in performance and specificity. TRE (2nd generation) Contains multiple tet operator (tetO) sequences fused to a minimal CMV promoter Activated by rtTA in the presence of doxycycline Moderate induction strength Higher basal (leaky) expression in the absence of doxycycline - [AAV(ShH10)-CMV-GFP, ready to package for Efficiently Transduction of Müller Glia Cells](https://signagen.com/blog/aavshh10-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package-for-efficiently-transduction-of-muller-glia-cells-2/) - [Toxicity of AAV2 Rep52 and Rep40](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-rep52-and-rep40-toxicity/) - Rep52 and Rep40 are the small AAV Rep proteins, produced from the p19 promoter. They primarily function in single-stranded genome packaging and lack the strong DNA-binding, helicase, and site-specific endonuclease activities that make Rep78 and Rep68 problematic. Compared with Rep78/68: ✅ Significantly lower cytotoxicity ✅ Minimal impact on host DNA replication ✅ Generally well tolerated - [AAV8-hADP-GFP-3xmiR122-WPRE Ready to Package for Adipose-Specific Gene Expression](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-hadp-gfp-wpre-ready-to-package-for-adipose-expression/) - [AAV(PHP.eB)-PCP2-GFP-WPRE and AAV(PHP.eB)-PCP2-Cre-WPRE, Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavphp-eb-pcp2-gfp-wpre-and-aavphp-eb-pcp2-cre-wpre-ready-to-package/) - [RD114 Retrovirus Env Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/rd114-retrovirus-env-gene/) - 607 atga aactcccaac aggaatggtc attttatgta gcctaataat agttcgggca 661 gggtttgacg acccccgcaa ggctatcgca ttagtacaaa aacaacatgg taaaccatgc 721 gaatgcagcg gagggcaggt atccgaggcc ccaccgaact ccatccaaca ggtaacttgc 781 ccaggcaaga cggcctactt aatgaccaac caaaaatgga aatgcagagt cactccaaaa 841 atctcaccta gcgggggaga actccagaac tgcccctgta acactttcca ggactcgatg 901 cacagttctt gttatactga ataccggcaa tgcaggcgaa ttaataagac atactacacg 961 gccaccttgc ttaaaatacg gtctgggagc ctcaacgagg tacagatatt acaaaacccc 1021 aatcagctcc tacagtcccc ttgtaggggc tctataaatc agcccgtttg - [AAV(2-GEC)-CMV-GFP-WPRE Ready to Package, Targeting Kidney Glomerular Endothelial Cells ](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-gec-cmv-gfp-wpre-ready-to-package-targeting-kidney-glomerular-endothelial-cells/) - [The relationship of Bleomycins  Phleomycin D1 and Zeocin](https://signagen.com/blog/the-relationship-of-bleomycins-phleomycin-d1-and-zeocin/) - 1. The Family: Bleomycins Bleomycin is the name of a broad family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. In a clinical context, "Bleomycin" usually refers to a mixture used in chemotherapy. In the lab, it is the parent category for all these drugs. 2. The Molecule: Phleomycin D1 Phleomycin D1 is a - [Choice of different antibiotics for establishing stable cell line](https://signagen.com/blog/choice-of-different-antibiotics-for-establishing-stable-cell-line/) - Choice of different antibiotics for establishing a stable cell line1. Zeocin (BleoR) - The "Gold Standard" for QualityResearch indicates that Zeocin is often the best choice for human cells like HEK293.1• Why it's better: It tends to select for integration sites that allow higher levels of recombinant protein expression. Unlike other markers, almost 100% of - [rtTA(1st Gen), rtTA -advanced (2nd Gen)and Tet-On(3Gen)](https://signagen.com/blog/rtta1st-gen-rtta-advanced-2nd-genand-tet-on3gen/) - 1. rtTA (Original 1st Generation)• Structure: This was the original fusion of a reverse Tet repressor (rTetR) and the full-length VP16 activation domain from Herpes Simplex Virus.• Mutations: Contains 4 amino acid changes relative to wild-type TetR (E71K, D95N, L101S, G102D).• Limitations:o Genetic Instability: The gene sequence utilized bacterial codons and contained cryptic splice sites, - [AAV(9-ENT)-CMV-GFP for Endothelial Cell Specific Transduction](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-ent-cmv-gfp-for-endothelial-cell-specific-transduction/) - [P7 Promoter of AAV Serotype 5](https://signagen.com/blog/p7-promoter-of-aav-serotype-5/) - agcagtgatgtcataatgatgtaatgcttattgtcacgcgatagttaatgattaacagtcatgtgatgtgttttatccaataggaagaaagcgcgcgtatgagttctcgcgagacttccggggtataaaagaccgagtgaacgagcccgccgccattctttgctctggactgctagaggaccctcgctgcc - [AAV5 P41 vs AAV2 P40 Promoters](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-p41-vs-aav2-p40-promoters/) - The P41 and 40 promoters are the capsid gene promoters of different Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) serotypes, driving the expression of the structural viral proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3). They exhibit key differences in their basal activity and dependence on helper functions. The most studied comparison is between AAV2 P40 and AAV5 P41. AAV P41 vs. P40 - [Cis-Acting Elements and Trans-Acting Factors on AAV2 Promoters](https://signagen.com/blog/cis-acting-elements-and-trans-acting-factors-on-aav2-promoters/) - The three promoters are functionally interconnected through their shared regulatory elements, leading to the coordinated but hierarchical expression of AAV's replication (Rep) and capsid (Cap) genes. 1. Rep Binding Element (RBE) as the Master Switch The core of AAV's transcriptional regulation lies in the Rep Binding Element (RBE), a 22-bp sequence. Location: The RBE is - [Strength of AAV P5, P19 and P40 Promoters in Serotype 2](https://signagen.com/blog/strength-of-aav-p5-p19-and-p40-promoters-in-serotype-2/) - The AAV serotype 2 promoters P5, P19, and P40 exhibit a distinct hierarchy of strength during a productive lytic infection (i.e., in the presence of a helper virus like adenovirus, which is the context where AAV naturally replicates and expresses its full complement of genes).1 Relative Strength of AAV-2 Promoters (During Lytic Infection) The general - [AAV9-Syn-GRAB-ATP1.0, Ready to Package for ATP Sensor Expression in Neurons](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-syn-grab-atp1-0-ready-to-package-for-atp-sensor-expression-in-neurons/) - [What is the Linear Range of RLU for an Luminometer?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-the-linear-range-of-rlu-for-an-luminometer/) - 1. Typical linear ranges Most bench-top luminometers have a linear dynamic range of 3–5 orders of magnitude (10³–10⁵ RLU to 10⁶–10⁹ RLU). High-sensitivity luminometers or microplate readers may have broader linear ranges, sometimes up to 7 orders of magnitude. Exact values depend on: Detector type (photomultiplier tube, PMT) Gain settings Integration time Substrate and assay - [TetR vs rTetR](https://signagen.com/blog/tetr-vs-rtetr/) - TetR (Tetracycline Repressor) Origin: From the E. coli Tn10 tetracycline resistance operon. Function: Binds to tet operator (tetO) DNA sequences and blocks transcription of downstream genes. Response to Tetracycline/Doxycycline: Without doxycycline: TetR binds tetO → transcription OFF. With doxycycline: Doxycycline binds TetR, changes its conformation → TetR releases DNA → transcription ON. Used in: Tet-Off - [AAV(LK03)-CMV-NULL, AAV(AM)-CMV-NULL, AAV(LK03)-CMV-GFP and AAV(AM)-CMV-GFP, Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavlk03-cmv-null-aavam-cmv-null-aavlk03-cmv-gfp-and-aavam-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [Role of MAAP in rAAV Biology & Production](https://signagen.com/blog/role-of-maap-in-raav-biology-production/) - Here’s the role of MAAP in rAAV biology and production: Genomic Origin MAAP is encoded from an alternative open reading frame (ORF) within the cap gene, overlapping with VP1/VP2/VP3. It was only recently discovered (2019, Nature Microbiology). Function in Viral Biology MAAP localizes to cellular membranes, particularly the plasma membrane and secretory pathways. It appears - [AAV9-CAG-GFP-miR183 Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-cag-gfp-mir183-ready-to-package/) - [How to Extract a Protein from Inclusion Body?](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-extract-protein-from-inclusion-body/) - To extract protein from inclusion bodies, you must first lyse cells to release them and then solubilize the inclusion bodies using strong denaturing agents like guanidine HCl or urea to break apart the aggregated protein. After solubilization, you must refold the protein by slowly removing the denaturant, often through dilution or dialysis, to restore its functional, native structure and then perform subsequent - [How does imidazole affect my quantitation of protein?](https://signagen.com/blog/how-does-imidazole-affect-my-quantitation-of-protein/) - Since imidazole absorbs UV radiation at 280 nm, an elution profile measured at 280 nm while purifying a 6xHis tagged protein by FPLC will show an increase in absorbance above the background signal allowing quantitation of your protein. The absorbance of imidazole can vary depending on its source and purity, but elution buffer containing 250 - [AAV NP40 VP1 Gene Amino Acid Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-np40-vp1-gene-amino-acid-sequence/) - MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIRQWWKLKPGPPPPKPAERHKDDSRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDRQLDSGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEPVKTAPGKKRPVEHSPVEPDSSSGTGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSGLGTNTMATGSGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKKLSFKLFNIQVKEVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTNTPSGTTTQSRLQFSQAGASDIRDQSRNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTSADNNNSEYSWTGATKYHLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEEFFPQSGVLIFGKQGSEKTNVDIEKVMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGSVSTNLQRGNRQAATADVNTQGVLPGMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHHSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANPSTTFSAAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNKSVNVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL - [Early E1A Gene from Human Adenovirus Serotype 5](https://signagen.com/blog/early-e1a-gene-from-human-adenovirus-serotype-5/) - atgagacatattatctgccacggaggtgttattaccgaagaaatggccgccagtcttttggaccagctgatcgaagaggtactggctgataatcttccacctcctagccattttgaaccacctacccttcacgaactgtatgatttagacgtgacggcccccgaagatcccaacgaggaggcggtttcgcagatttttcccgactctgtaatgttggcggtgcaggaagggattgacttactcacttttccgccggcgcccggttctccggagccgcctcacctttcccggcagcccgagcagccggagcagagagccttgggtccggtttctatgccaaaccttgtaccggaggtgatcgatcttacctgccacgaggctggctttccacccagtgacgacgaggatgaagagggtgaggagtttgtgttagattatgtggagcaccccgggcacggttgcaggtcttgtcattatcaccggaggaatacgggggacccagatattatgtgttcgctttgctatatgaggacctgtggcatgtttgtctacagtcctgtgtctgaacctgagcctgagcccgagccagaaccggagcctgcaagacctacccgccgtcctaaaatggcgcctgctatcctgagacgcccgacatcacctgtgtctagagaatgcaatagtagtacggatagctgtgactccggtccttctaacacacctcctgagatacacccggtggtcccgctgtgccccattaaaccagttgccgtgagagttggtgggcgtcgccaggctgtggaatgtatcgaggacttgcttaacgagcctgggcaacctttggacttgagctgtaaacgccccaggccataa - [AAV Rep Protein Functions](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-rep-protein-expression/) - AAV (Adeno-associated virus) encodes four non-structural proteins, Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, and Rep40, which are involved in different stages of the viral life cycle. Rep78 and Rep68 primarily regulate viral DNA replication, gene expression, and integration, while Rep52 and Rep40 play a crucial role in virus assembly. Here's a breakdown of their functions: Rep78 and Rep68: Viral DNA Replication: - [pUCmini-iCAP AAV Capsid Plasmid](https://signagen.com/blog/pucmini-icap-capsid-plasmid/) - In the pUCmini-iCAP capsid plasmid, the components tTA (or rrTA, tetracycline-controlled transactivator) and the TRE (tetracycline response element), which contains TetO (Tet operator) sequences, are key elements of a Tet-On inducible gene expression system designed to regulate and amplify the production of adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids. Here's a breakdown of their functions: tTA (or rrTA): This is a fusion protein consisting - [MAAP Sequence of AAV2](https://signagen.com/blog/maap-sequence-of-aav2/) - ctggcccaccaccaccaaagcccgcagagcggcataaggacgacagcaggggtcttgtgcttcctgggtacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggagagccggtcaacgaggcagacgccgcggccctcgagcacgacaaagcctacgaccggcagctcgacagcggagacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgcggagtttcaggagcgccttaaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcggacgagcagtcttccaggcgaaaaagagggttcttgaacctctgggcctggttgaggaacctgttaagacggctccgggaaaaaagaggccggtag - [What is MAAP in AAV?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-maap-in-aav/) - The Membrane-Associated Accessory Protein (MAAP) is a small viral protein encoded by the AAV cap gene that plays a crucial role in the extracellular secretion of AAV particles. It facilitates AAV egress by promoting the association of AAV with extracellular vesicles (EVs) and is loaded onto the surface of these vesicles. Deletion of MAAP significantly reduces AAV secretion, indicating its - [AAV5 P41 Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-p41-promoter/) - tgttcaaatttgaactgactaagcggctcccgccagattttggcaagattactaagcaggaagtcaaggacttttttgcttgggcaaaggtcaatcaggtgccggtgactcacgagtttaaagttcccagggaattggcgggaactaaaggggcggagaaatctctaaaacgcccactgggtgacgtcaccaatactagctataaaagtctggagaagcgggccaggctctcatttgttcccgagacgcctcgcagttcagacgtgactgttgatcccgctcctctgcgaccgct - [How many AAV particles can be made in one HEK293T cell?](https://signagen.com/blog/how-many-aav-particles-can-be-made-in-one-hek293t-cell/) - A single HEK293T cell can produce a wide range of adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles, typically in the range of 10,000 to 100,000 vector genomes per cell. The exact number varies depending on experimental conditions, including transfection efficiency, cell density, and harvesting time. While some sources suggest a range of 10,000 to 100,000 viral particles per cell, others specify - [Splice Donor and Acceptor Sites](https://signagen.com/blog/splice-donor-and-acceptor-sites/) - Splice donor and acceptor sites are specific nucleotide sequences that define the boundaries between exons and introns during RNA splicing. Donor sites, located at the 5' end of an intron (exon-intron boundary), are typically characterized by the dinucleotide GT. Acceptor sites, located at the 3' end of an intron (intron-exon boundary), are typically characterized by the dinucleotide AG. These - [AAV(PHP.eB)-mGAD65-GFP and AAV(PHP.eB)-mDLX-GFP Ready to Package to Transduce GABAergic Interneurons.](https://signagen.com/blog/aavphp-eb-mgad65-gfp-ready-to-package-to-transduce-gabaergic-interneurons/) - [AAV Rh32.33 VP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-rh32-33-vp1-gene/) - ATGGCTGCCGATGGTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACAACCTCTCTGAGGGCATTCGCGAGTGGTGGGACCTGAAACCTGGAGCCCCCAAGCCCAAGGCCAACCAGCAGAAGCAGGACGACGGCCGGGGTCTGGTGCTTCCTGGCTACAAGTACCTCGGACCCTTCAACGGACTCGACAAGGGGGAGCCCGTCAACGCGGCGGACGCAGCGGCCCTCGAGCACGACAAGGCCTACGACCAGCAGCTCAAAGCGGGTGACAATCCGTACCTGCGGTATAACCACGCCGACGCCGAGTTTCAGGAGCGTCTGCAAGAAGATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAACCTCGGGCGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAGAAGAGGGTACTCGAACCTCTGGGCCTGGTTGAAGAAGGTGCTAAGACGGCTCCTGGAAAGAAGAGACCGTTAGAGTCACCACAAGAGCCCGACTCCTCCTCAGGAATCGGCAAAAAAGGCAAACAACCAGCCAAAAAGAGACTCAACTTTGAAGAGGACACTGGAGCCGGAGACGGACCCCCTGAAGGATCAGATACCAGCGCCATGTCTTCAGACATTGAAATGCGTGCAGCACCGGGCGGAAATGCTGTCGATGCGGGACAAGGTTCCGATGGAGTGGGTAATGCCTCGGGTGATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACCTGGTCTGAGGGCAAGGTCACAACAACCTCGACCAGAACCTGGGTCTTGCCCACCTACAACAACCACTTGTACCTGCGGCTCGGAACAACATCAAACAGCAACACCTACAACGGATTCTCCACCCCCTGGGGATACTTTGACTTTAACAGATTCCACTGTCACTTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCAAAGACTCATCAACAACAACTGGGGACTACGACCAAAAGCCATGCGCGTTAAAATCTTCAATATCCAAGTTAAGGAGGTCACAACGTCGAACGGCGAGACTACGGTCGCTAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTCAGATATTTGCGGACTCGTCGTATGAGCTCCCGTACGTGATGGACGCTGGACAAGAGGGAAGTCTGCCTCCTTTCCCCAATGACGTCTTCATGGTGCCTCAATATGGCTACTGTGGCATTGTGACTGGCGAAAATCAGAACCAGACGGACAGAAATGCTTTCTACTGCCTGGAGTATTTTCCTTCACAAATGCTGAGAACTGGCAATAACTTTGAAATGGCTTACAACTTTGAGAAGGTGCCGTTCCACTCAATGTATGCTCACAGCCAGAGCCTGGACAGACTGATGAATCCCCTCCTGGACCAGTACCTGTGGCACTTACAGTCGACCACCTCTGGAGAGACTCTGAATCAAGGCAATGCAGCAACCACATTTGGAAAAATCAGGAGTGGAGACTTTGCCTTTTACAGAAAGAACTGGCTGCCTGGGCCTTGTGTTAAACAGCAGAGATTCTCAAAAACTGCCAGTCAAAATTACAAGATTCCTGCCAGCGGGGGCAACGCTCTGTTAAAGTATGACACCCACTATACCTTAAACAACCGCTGGAGCAACATAGCGCCTGGACCTCCAATGGCAACAGCTGGACCTTCAGATGGGGACTTCAGCAACGCCCAGCTCATCTTCCCTGGACCATCAGTCACCGGAAACACAACAACCTCAGCAAACAATCTGTTGTTTACATCAGAAGAAGAAATTGCTGCCACCAACCCAAGAGACACGGACATGTTTGGTCAGATTGCTGACAATAATCAGAATGCTACAACTGCTCCCATAACCGGCAACGTGACTGCTATGGGAGTGCTTCCTGGCATGGTGTGGCAAAACAGAGACATTTACTACCAAGGGCCAATTTGGGCCAAGATCCCACACGCGGACGGACATTTTCATCCTTCACCGCTAATTGGCGGTTTTGGACTGAAACATCCGCCTCCCCAGATATTTATCAAAAACACCCCCGTACCTGCCAATCCTGCGACAACCTTCACTGCAGCCAGAGTGGACTCTTTCATCACACAATACAGCACCGGCCAGGTCGCTGTTCAGATTGAATGGGAAATCGAAAAGGAACGCTCCAAACGCTGGAATCCTGAAGTGCAGTTTACTTCAAACTATGGGAACCAGTCTTCTATGTTGTGGGCTCCCGATACAACTGGGAAGTATACAGAGCCGCGGGTTATTGGCTCTCGTTATTTGACTAATCATTTGTAA - [AAVhu68-CMV-GFP and AAVhu68-CAG-fLuc Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavhu68-cmv-gfp-and-aavhu68-cag-fluc-ready-to-package/) - [Deletion of the B-B’ or C-C’ in AAV ITR has a minimal impact on AAV production but increases transgene expression](https://signagen.com/blog/__trashed/) - 1. ITR Structure and Function• ITRs are crucial: ITRs are key elements in AAV vectors, serving as origins of replication, and are essential for viral genome replication, packaging into capsids, and vector persistence.• Palindromic regions: AAV ITRs have a characteristic T-shaped structure composed of palindromic regions (A-A', B-B', and C-C').• C-C' region deletion: The mentioned - [How Does pH Affect DNA Stability?](https://signagen.com/blog/how-does-ph-affect-dna-stability/) - In a neutral pH range, pH 5 to 9, DNA molecules are quite stable. However, if the pH becomes too acidic or alkaline, DNA molecules are prone to destabilization. At pH 5 or lower, DNA is liable to depurination (i.e. the loss of purine bases from DNA). The phosphodiester bonds of DNA break which causes - [AAV(2-Retro)-Syn-axon-GCaMP6s Ready to Pacakge](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-retro-syn-axon-gcamp6s-ready-to-pacakge/) - [What is pH Value of ddH2O?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-ph-value-of-ddh2o/) - The pH of double-distilled water (ddH₂O) is theoretically around 7.0 — perfectly neutral — because pure water at 25°C autoionizes slightly into H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions. But in practice, ddH₂O often measures a pH of around 5.5 to 6.5.This is because it rapidly absorbs CO₂ from the air, forming a small amount of carbonic acid - [Liver-detargeted AAV(9.61)-CMV-GFP Ready to Package for Specific Heart and Smooth Muscle Transductoin](https://signagen.com/blog/detargeted-aav9-61-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package-for-heart-and-smooth-muscle-transductoin-without-transducing-liver/) - [Liver-detargeted AAV(9.45)-CMV-GFP Ready to Package for Specific Heart and Smooth Muscle Transductoin](https://signagen.com/blog/detargeted-aav9-45-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package-for-heart-and-smooth-muscle-transductoin/) - [AAV(BI-hTFR1)-CMV-GFP Ready to Package for Brain-wide Gene Delivery](https://signagen.com/blog/aavbi-htfr1-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package-for-brain-wide-gene-delivery/) - [How many adenovirus particles can be made in one HEK293 cell?](https://signagen.com/blog/how-many-adenovirus-particles-can-be-made-in-one-hek293-cell/) - HEK293 cells can produce over 100,000 adenovirus particles per cell when using optimized protocols and transfection methods. Here's a more detailed explanation: High Yield: HEK293 cells are a common choice for producing adenoviral vectors due to their ability to efficiently replicate and package adenoviruses. Transfection Method: A common method involves transfecting HEK293 cells with plasmids containing the - [AAV(BI30)-CBh-Cre-ERT2 Ready to Package for Tamoxifen-induced Cre Expression in Endothelial Cell of CNS](https://signagen.com/blog/aavbi30-cbh-cre-ert2-ready-to-package-for-endothelial-cell-transduction-in-cns/) - [AAV(Myo4A)-CMV-GFP is Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavmyo4a-cmv-gfp-is-ready-to-package/) - [How to Amplify An Adenovirus](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-amplify-an-adenovirus/) - To amplify an adenovirus, you typically infect a permissive cell line, like HEK 293 cells, with the adenovirus at a suitable multiplicity of infection (MOI), allowing the virus to replicate within the cells until significant cytopathic effects (CPE) are observed, then harvest the infected cells and collect the viral particles from the cell lysate, which - [AAV(Rec2.V7)-CAG-EGFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavrec2-v7-cag-egfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAVhu.14 Capsid Protein VP1 (Cap) Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aavhu-14-capsid-protein-vp1-cap-gene/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaaccttagtgaaggaattcgcgagtggtgggctttgaaacctggagcccctcaacccaaggcaaatcaacaacatcaagacaacgctcgaggtcttgtgcttccgggttacaaataccttggacccggcaacggactcgacaagggggagccggtcaacgcagcagacgcggcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaggccggagacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagttccaggagcggctcaaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggcttcttgaacctcttggtctggttgaggaagcggctaagacggctcctggaaagaagaggcctgtagagcagtctcctcaggaaccggactcctccgcgggtattggcaaatcgggtgcacagcccgctaaaaagagactcaatttcggtcagactggcgacacagagtcagtcccagaccctcaaccaatcggagaacctcccgcagccccctcaggtgtgggatctcttacaatggcttcaggtggtggcgcaccagtggcagacaataacgaaggtgccgatggagtgggtagttcctcgggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggggacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaatcacctctacaagcaaatctccaacagcacatctggaggatcttcaaatgacaacgcctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcctaagcgactcaacttcaagctcttcaacattcaggtcaaagaggttacggacaacaatggagtcaagaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacggtccaggtcttcacggactcagactatcagctcccgtacgtgctcgggtcggctcacgagggctgcctcccgccgttcccagcggacgttttcatgattcctcagtacgggtatctgacgcttaatgatggaagccaggccgtgggtcgttcgtccttttactgcctggaatatttcccgtcgcaaatgctaagaacgggtaacaacttccagttcagctacgagtttgagaacgtacctttccatagcagctacgctcacagccaaagcctggaccgactaatgaatccactcatcgaccaatacttgtactatctctcaaagactattaacggttctggacagaatcaacaaacgctaaaattcagtgtggccggacccagcaacatggctgtccagggaagaaactacatacctggacccagctaccgacaacaacgtgtctcaaccactgtgactcaaaacaacaacagcgaatttgcttggcctggagcttcttcttgggctctcaatggacgtaatagcttgatgaatcctggacctgctatggccagccacaaagaaggagaggaccgtttctttcctttgtctggatctttaatttttggcaaacaaggaactggaagagacaacgtggatgcggacaaagtcatgataaccaacgaagaagaaattaaaactactaacccggtagcaacggagtcctatggacaagtggccacaaaccaccagagtgcccaagcacaggcgcagaccggctgggttcaaaaccaaggaatacttccgggtatggtttggcaggacagagatgtgtacctgcaaggacccatttgggccaaaattcctcacacggacggcaactttcacccttctccgctgatgggagggtttggaatgaagcacccgcctcctcagatcctcatcaaaaacacacctgtacctgcggatcctccaacggccttcaacaaggacaagctgaactctttcatcacccagtattctactggccaagtcagcgtggagatcgagtgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaacccggagatccagtacacttccaactattacaagtctaataatgttgaatttgctgttaatactgaaggtgtatatagtgaaccccgccccattggcaccagatacctgactcgtaatctgtaa - [AAVhu.32 Capsid Protein VP1 (cap) Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aavhu-32-capsid-protein-vp1-cap-gene/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacactctctctgaaggaataagacagtggtggaagctcaaacctggcccaccaccaccaaagcccgcagagcggcataaggacgacagcaggggtcttgtgcttcctgggtacaagtacctcggacccggcaacggactcgacaagggggagccggtcaacgcagcagacgcggcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaggccggagacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagttccaggagcggctcaaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggcttcttgaacctcttggtctggttgaggaagcggctaagacggctcctggaaagaagaggcctgtagagcagtctcctcaggaaccggactcctccgcgggtattggcaaatcgggttcacagcccgctaaaaagaaactcaatttcggtcagactggcgacacagagtcagtccccgaccctcaaccaatcggagaacctcccgcagccccctcaggtgtgggatctcttacaatggcttcaggtggtggcgcaccagtggcagacaataacgaaggtgccgatggagtgggtagttcctcgggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggggacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaatcacctctacaagcaaatctccaacagcacatctggaggatcttcaaatgacaacgcctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcctaagcgactcaacttcaagctcttcaacattcaggtcaaagaggttacggacaacaatggagtcaagaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacggtccaggtcttcacggactcagactatcagctcccgtacgtgctcgggtcggctcacgagggctgcctcccgccgttcccagcggacgttttcatgattcctcagtacgggtatctgacgcttaatgatgggagccaggccgtgggtcgttcgtccttttactgcctggaatatttcccgtcgcaaatgctaagaacgggtaacaacttccagttcagctacgagtttgagaacgtacctttccatagcagctacgctcacagccaaagcctggaccgactaatgaatccactcatcgaccaatacttgtactatctctcaaagactattaacggttctggacagaatcaacaaacgctaaaattcagcgtggccggacccagcaacatggctgtccagggaagaaactacatacctggacccagctaccgacaacaacgtgtctcaaccactgtgactcaaaacaacaacagcgaatttgcttggcctggagcttcttcttgggctctcaatggacgtaatagcttgatgaatcctggacctgctatggccagccacaaagaaggagaggaccgtttctttcctttgtctggatctttaatttttggcaaacaaggaactggaagagacaacgtggatgcggacaaagtcatgataaccaacgaagaagaaattaaaactactaacccggtagcaacggagtcctatggacaagtggccacaaaccaccagagtgcccaagcacaggcgcagaccggctgggttcaaaaccaaggaatacttccgggtatggtttggcaggacagagatgtgtacctgcaaggacccatttgggccaaaattcctcacacggacggcaactttcacccttctccgctaatgggagggtttggaatgaagcacccgcctcctcagatcctcatcaaaaacacacctgtacctgcggatcctccaacggctttcaataaggacaagctgaactctttcatcacccagtattctactggccaagtcagcgtggagattgagtgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaacccggagatccagtacacttccaactattacaagtctaataatgttgaatttgctgttaatactgaaggtgtatatagtgaaccccgccccattggcaccagatacctgactcgtaatctgtaa - [AAVhu68 Capsid Protein (VP1) Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aavhu68-capsid-protein-vp1-gene/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctcagtgaaggcattcgcgagtggtgggctttgaaacctggagcccctcaacccaaggcaaatcaacaacatcaagacaacgctcggggtcttgtgcttccgggttacaaataccttggacccggcaacggactcgacaagggggagccggtcaacgaagcagacgcggcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaggccggagacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagttccaggagcggctcaaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggcttcttgaacctcttggtctggttgaggaagcggctaagacggctcctggaaagaagaggcctgtagagcagtctcctcaggaaccggactcctccgtgggtattggcaaatcgggtgcacagcccgctaaaaagagactcaatttcggtcagactggcgacacagagtcagtccccgaccctcaaccaatcggagaacctcccgcagccccctcaggtgtgggatctcttacaatggcttcaggtggtggcgcaccagtggcagacaataacgaaggtgccgatggagtgggtagttcctcgggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggggacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaatcacctctacaagcaaatctccaacagcacatctggaggatcttcaaatgacaacgcctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcaaagactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcctaagcgactcaacttcaagctcttcaacattcaggtcaaagaggttacggacaacaatggagtcaagaccatcgctaataaccttaccagcacggtccaggtcttcacggactcagactatcagctcccgtacgtgctcgggtcggctcacgagggctgcctcccgccgttcccagcggacgttttcatgattcctcagtacgggtatctaacgcttaatgatggaagccaagccgtgggtcgttcgtccttttactgcctggaatatttcccgtcgcaaatgctaagaacgggtaacaacttccagttcagctacgagtttgagaacgtacctttccatagcagctatgctcacagccaaagcctggaccgactcatgaatccactcatcgaccaatacttgtactatctctcaaagactattaacggttctggacagaatcaacaaacgctaaaattcagtgtggccggacccagcaacatggctgtccagggaagaaactacatacctggacccagctaccgacaacaacgtgtctcaaccactgtgactcaaaacaacaacagcgaatttgcttggcctggagcttcttcttgggctctcaatggacgtaatagcttgatgaatcctggacctgctatggccagccacaaagaaggagaggaccgtttctttcctttgtctggatctttaatttttggcaaacaaggaactggaagagacaacgtggatgcggacaaagtcatgataaccaacgaagaagaaattaaaactaccaacccagtagcaacggagtcctatggacaagtggccacaaaccaccagagtgcccaagcacaggcgcagaccggctgggttcaaaaccaaggaatacttccgggtatggtttggcaggacagagatgtgtacctgcaaggacccatttgggccaaaattcctcacacggacggcaactttcacccttctccgctgatgggagggtttggaatgaagcacccgcctcctcagatcctcatcaaaaacacacctgtacctgcggatcctccaacggctttcaacaaggacaagctgaactctttcatcacccagtattctactggccaagtcagcgtggagattgagtgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaacccggagatccagtacacttccaactattacaagtctaataatgttgaatttgctgttaatactgaaggtgtttattctgaaccccgccccattggcaccagatacctgactcgtaatctgtaa - [AAVrh.74 Capsid Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aavrh-74-vp1-gene-sequence/) - MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDNGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLQAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFQERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVESPVKTAPGKKRPVEPSPQRSPDSSTGIGKKGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPIGEPPAGPSGLGSGTMAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNGTSGGSTNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTQNEGTKTIANNLTSTIQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFEFSYNFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTQSTGGTAGTQQLLFSQAGPNNMSAQAKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSTTLSQNNNSNFAWTGATKYHLNGRDSLVNPGVAMATHKDDEERFFPSSGVLMFGKQGAGKDNVDYSSVMLTSEEEIKTTNPVATEQYGVVADNLQQQNAAPIVGAVNSQGALPGMVWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTTFNQAKLASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKSTNVDFAVNTEGTYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL* - [How to avoid cross-contamination in qPCR](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-avoid-cross-contamination-in-qpcr/) - To avoid cross-contamination in qPCR, key practices include: separating pre- and post-amplification areas with dedicated equipment, using a unidirectional workflow, including a "no template control" in each run, properly cleaning work surfaces with ethanol, and utilizing specialized reagents like UDG (uracil DNA glycosylase) to prevent carryover contamination; essentially, maintaining a clean workspace with distinct areas for different - [Reduce the risk of cross-contamination from the amplicon/template and previous reactions for a qPCR](https://signagen.com/blog/reduce-the-risk-of-cross-contamination-from-the-amplicon-template-and-previous-reactions/) - Use a unidirectional workflow during experiment setup. Separating pre- and post-amplification areas is key to preventing contamination. Prepare your PCR master mix in a template-free room (see next bullet) using reagents that never come into contact with potential sources of contamination. Maintain a separate area for analyzing PCR amplicons. Maintain a clean room for preparing master mixes. Prepare your - [Difference between dye-based vs probe-based qPCR](https://signagen.com/blog/difference-between-dye-based-vs-probe-based-qpcr/) - Dye-based qPCR is less expensive than probe-based qPCR, but probe-based qPCR is more specific and accurate. The choice between the two depends on the research goals and the type of analysis being performed. Dye-based qPCR Advantages: Cost-effective Only requires PCR primers Disadvantages: Less specific than probe-based qPCR Can produce false positive signals Can't perform multiplex - [OmpA Signal for Protein Expression](https://signagen.com/blog/ompa-signal-for-protein-expression/) - The OmpA signal peptide is a 21-amino acid sequence that targets fused proteins to the Sec secretion pathway in E. coli. It can be used to increase protein yield and simplify purification procedures. Here are some things to know about the OmpA signal peptide: SecretionThe OmpA signal peptide directs the secretion of fused proteins into the periplasmic - [High-cell-density cultivation (HCDC)](https://signagen.com/blog/high-cell-density-cultivation-hcdc/) - High-cell-density cultivation (HCDC) is a process that improves the formation of microbial biomass and products. It can be used for microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, and yeasts. HCDC can make the fermentation process faster and more robust by increasing its volumetric productivity. Here are some things to consider when using HCDC: Oxygen transfer: Microbial high cell density cultures - [Is Kozak sequence essential for transgene expression in lentivirus?](https://signagen.com/blog/is-kozak-sequence-essential-for-transgene-expression-in-lentivirus/) - Yes, a Kozak sequence is essential for efficient translation and transgene expression in lentiviruses: What it does: The Kozak sequence is a sequence of nucleotides that increases the likelihood of a ribosome recognizing the start of translation at the AUG start codon. This improves the efficiency of translation and the overall expression of the gene product. - [How to remove protein from PEG precipitated lentivirus ](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-remove-protein-from-peg-precipitated-lentivirus/) - Wash and re-precipitate: After PEG precipitation, wash the pellet and re-precipitate it using 20% sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. This removes a large portion of PEG co-precipitated molecules. Resuspend in serum-free media: Resuspend the pellet in serum-free media or PBS, then spin in a microfuge to pellet the protein debris followed by 20% sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. Use activated - [Primers and probes used for rAAV quantitative analysis](https://signagen.com/blog/primers-and-probes-used-for-raav-quantitative-analysis/) - R—probe reporter, Q—probe quencher, BGH—bovine growth hormone, CAG—cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken β-actin, CBA—chicken β-actin, CMV—Cytomegalovirus, eGFP—enhanced green fluorescent protein, emGFP—emerald green fluorescent protein, GRK1—rhodopsin kinase, hrGFP—humanized Renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein, ITR—inverted terminal repeat, polyA—polyadenylation signal, pU6—U6 promoter, RBG—rabbit β-globin, SV40—Simian virus 40, TBG—human thyroxine-binding globulin and WPRE—woodchuck hepatitis B virus posttranscriptional regulator - [Quantification for residual host cell DNA contamination in the rAAV prep via qPCR or ddPCR analysis targeting highly repetitive genome sequences](https://signagen.com/blog/quantification-for-residual-host-cell-dna-contamination-in-the-raav-prep-via-qpcr-or-ddpcr-analysis-targeting-highly-repetitive-genome-sequences/) - R—probe reporter, Q—probe quencher and HSV—herpes simplex virus. - [How to protect RNA from degradation?](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-protect-rna-from-degradation/) - To protect RNA from degradation, you can: Inactivate RNases: Immediately after tissue harvesting, use a chaotropic-based cell lysis solution to homogenize samples and inactivate RNases. You can also flash freeze samples in liquid nitrogen. Store at low temperatures: Store RNA at -70°C to -80°C for long-term storage, or at 4°C or -20°C for short-term storage. Use - [What is the main reason for RNA being unstable?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-the-main-reason-for-rna-being-unstable/) - Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded. Additionally, RNA contains ribose sugars rather than deoxyribose sugars, which makes RNA more unstable and more prone to degradation. RNA is generally stable at –80° C for up to a year without degradation. Magnesium and other metals catalyze non-specific cleavages in RNA, and so should be chelated by the addition of EDTA - [Why Are Transgenes Cloned into Lentiviral Vectors Without a Poly(A) Signal?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-are-transgenes-cloned-into-lentiviral-vectors-without-a-polya-signal/) - In lentiviral gene delivery systems, transgene expression cassettes are commonly cloned without a polyadenylation signal to prevent disruption of full-length lentiviral genomes on mRNA maturation in producer cells. Since lentivirus is an RNA virus, during the synthesis of the RNA genome to be packaged, if there is a polyadenylation (poly(A)) signal in the transgene, the RNA - [AAV(Myo1A)-CMV-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavmyo1a-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [Potential Reasons for Lack of Supercoiled DNA](https://signagen.com/blog/potential-reasons-for-lack-of-supercoiled-dna/) - Nicking or Linearization: Cause: Plasmid DNA may undergo nicking or complete linearization due to mechanical shear forces during extraction or handling, or enzymatic action by nucleases. Solution: Ensure gentle handling of the DNA during purification and minimize pipetting or vortexing. Use nuclease-free reagents and containers to prevent enzymatic degradation. Topoisomerase Activity: Cause: Topoisomerases present in bacterial cultures or contamination - [AAV6.2-CMV-GFP and AAV6.2-CMV-iCre Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/1890-2/) - [LV-Syn-GFP-shRNAmir-WPRE Ready to Package to Knock Down Gene Expression in Neurons](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-syn-gfp-shrnamir-wpre-ready-to-package-to-knck-down-gene-expression-in-neurons/) - [AAV(cc47)-CMV-GFP is Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavcc47-cmv-gfp-is-ready-to-package/) - [AAV(MYO)-CMV-GFP is Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavmyo-cmv-gfp-is-ready-to-package/) - [AAV(REC2)-CMV-GFP is Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavrec2-cmv-gfp-is-ready-to-package/) - [AAV REC2 VP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-rec2-vp1-gene/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacttgaaacctggagccccgaaacccaaagccaaccagcaaaagcaggacgacggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaagaagcgggttctcgaacctctcggtctggttgaggaaggcgctaagacggctcctggaaagaagagaccggtagagccatcaccccagcgttctccagactcctctacgggcatcggcaagacaggccagcagcccgcgaaaaagagactcaactttgggcagactggcgactcagagtcagtgcccgaccctcaaccaatcggagaaccccccgcaggcccctctggtctgggatctggtacaatggctgcaggcggtggcgctccaatggcagacaataacgaaggcgccgacggagtgggtagttcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctccccacctacaacaaccacctctacaagcaaatctccaacgggacttcgggaggaagcaccaacgacaacacctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgactttaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcccaagagactcaacttcaagctcttcaacatccaggtcaaggaggtcacgcagaatgaaggcaccaagaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacgattcaggtctttacggactcggaataccagctcccgtacgtcctcggctctgcgcaccagggctgcctgcctccgttcccggcggacgtcttcatgattcctcagtacgggtacctgactctgaacaatggcagtcaggccgtgggccgttcctccttctactgcctggagtactttccttctcaaatgctgagaacgggcaacaactttgagttcagctaccagtttgaggacgtgccttttcacagcagctacgcgcacagccaaagcctggaccggctgatgaaccccctcatcgaccagtacctgtactacctgtctcggactcagtccacgggaggtaccgcaggaactcagcagttgctattttctcaggccgggcctaataacatgtcggctcaggccaaaaactggctacccgggccctgctaccggcagcaacgcgtctcaacgacaaccgggcaaaacaacaatagcaactttgcctggactgctgggaccaaataccatctgaatggaagaaattcattggctaatcctggcatcgctatggcaacacacaaagacgacgaggagcgtttttttcccagtaacgggatcctgatttttggcaaacaaaatgctgccagagacaatgcggattacagcgatgtcatgctcaccagcgaggaagaaatcaaaaccactaaccctgtggctacagaggaatacggtatcgtggcagataacttgcagcagcaaaacacggctcctcaaattggaactgtcaacagccagggggccttacccggtatggtctggcagaaccgggacgtgtacctgcagggtcccatctgggccaagattcctcacacggacggcaacttccacccgtctccgctgatgggcggctttggcctgaaacatcctccgcctcagatcctgatcaagaacacgcctgtacctgcggatcctccgaccaccttcaaccagtcaaagctgaactctttcatcacgcaatacagcaccggacaggtcagcgtggaaattgaatgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaaccccgagatccagtacacctccaactactacaaatctacaagtgtggactttgctgttaatacagaaggcgtgtactctgaaccccgccccattggcacccgttacctcacccgtaatctgtaa - [AAV Rh20 VP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-rh20-vp-gene/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacttgaaacctggagccccgaaacccaaagccaaccagcaaaagcaggacgacggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaagaagcgggttctcgaacctctcggtctggttgaggaaggcgctaagacggctcctggaaagaagagaccggtagagccatcaccccagcgttctccagactcctctacgggcatcggcaagacaggccagcagcccgcgaaaaagagactcaactttgggcagactggcgactcagagtcagtgcccgaccctcaaccaatcggagaaccccccgcaggcccctctggtctgggatctggtacaatggctgcaggcggtggcgctccaatggcagacaataacgaaggcgccgacggagtgggtagttcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctccccacctacaacaaccacctctacaagcaaatctccaacgggacatcgggaggaagcaccaacgacaacacctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgactttaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcccaagagactcaacttcaagctcttcaacatccaggtcaaggaggtcacgcagaatgaaggcaccaagaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacgattcaggtctttacggactcggaataccagctcccgtacgtcctcggctctgcgcaccagggctgcccgcctccgttcccggcggacgtcttcatgattcctcagtacgggtacctgactctgaacaacggcagtcaggccgtgggccgttcctccttctactgcctggagtactttccttctcaaatgcggagaacgggcaacaactttgagttcagctaccagtttgaggacgtgccttttcacagcagctacgcgcatagccaaagcctggaccggctgatgaaccccctcatcgaccagtacctgtactacctgtctcggactcagtccacgggaggtaccgcaggaactcagcagttgctattttctcaggccgggcctaataacatgtcggctcaggccaaaaactggctacccgggccctgctaccggcagcaacgcgtctccacgacactgtcgcaaaataacaacagcaactttgcttggaccggtgccaccaagtatcatctgaatggcagagactctctggtaaatcccggtgtcgctatggcaacgcacaaggacgacgaagagcgattttttccatccagcggagtcttgatgtttgggaaacagggagctggaaaagacaacgtggactatagcagcgttatgctaaccagtgaggaagaaatcaaaaccaccaacccagtggccacagaacagtacggcgtggtggccgataacctgcaacagcaaaacgccgctcctattgtaggggccgtcaacagtcaaggagccttacctggcatggtctggcagaaccgggacgtgtacctgcagggtcctatctgggccaagattcctcacacggacggcaactttcatccttcgccgctgatgggaggctttggactgaaacacccgcctcctcagatcctgattaagaatacacctgttcccgcggatcctccaactaccttcagtcaagccaagctggcgtcgttcatcacgcagtacagcaccggacaggtcagcgtggaaattgaatgggagctgcagaaagagaacagcaagcgctggaacccagagattcagtatacttccaactactacaaatctacaaatgtggactttgctgtcaatactgagggtacttattcagagcctcgccccattggcacccgttacctcacccgtaacctgtaa - [AAV Rec2 Capsid Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-rec2-capsid-sequence/) - MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFQERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEPSPQRSPDSSTGIGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPIGEPPAGPSGLGSGTMAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNGTSGGSTNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTQNEGTKTIANNLTSTIQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGNNFEFSYQFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTQSTGGTAGTQQLLFSQAGPNNMSAQAKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSTTTGQNNNSNFAWTAGTKYHLNGRNSLANPGIAMATHKDDEERFFPSNGILIFGKQNAARDNADYSDVMLTSEEEIKTTNPVATEEYGIVADNLQQQNTAPQIGTVNSQGALPGMVWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTTFNQSKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKSTSVDFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL* - [Homemade qPCR Mix Recipe](https://signagen.com/blog/homemade-qpcr-mix-recipe/) - 10x Homemade Core PCR Buffer 100mM Tris HCl (pH 8.5) 200mM KCl 30mM MgCl2 1.5% Triton X-100 500nM Fluorescein Passive Reference Dye (USB, Product code: 75767) SYBR Green dye (Invitrogen, Product code: S-7563)) diluted 1:100 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma, Product code: D2438) BSA (bovine serum albumin) (Biolabs, Product code: B9001S ) Formamide (BDH Lab. - [Nanopore Sequencing: Principles, Platforms and Advantages](https://signagen.com/blog/nanopore-sequencing-principles-platforms-and-advantages/) - History of DNA sequencing Over the last fifty years, a number of researchers have devoted themselves to the development of DNA sequencing technology. This time-scale has witnessed drastic changes, moving from short oligonucleotides to millions of bases, from single-gene sequencing to whole-genome sequencing, from short-read sequencing to long-read sequencing, and from first-generation sequencing to third-generation sequencing. - [Nanopore Sequencing](https://signagen.com/blog/nanopore-sequencing/) - Nanopore sequencing is a third generation approach used in the sequencing of biopolymers — specifically, polynucleotides in the form of DNA or RNA. Using nanopore sequencing, a single molecule of DNA or RNA can be sequenced without the need for PCR amplification or chemical labeling of the sample. Nanopore sequencing has the potential to offer - [ssAAV9-CMV-SecNanoLuc & scAAV9-CMV-SecNanoLuc, Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-cmv-secnanoluc-ready-to-package/) - [AAV(BI30)-CAG-GFP-3xmiR122 is Ready to Package for the Transduction of the Endothelial Cells of CNS](https://signagen.com/blog/aavbi30-cag-gfp-3xmir122-is-ready-to-package-for-the-transduction-of-the-endothelial-cells-of-cns/) - [AAV(9-X1.1)-CMV-GFP is Ready to Package for the Transduction of the Endothelial Cells of CNS](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-x1-1-cmv-gfp-is-ready-to-package/) - [The Principle of Transformation](https://signagen.com/blog/the-principle-of-transformation/) - As DNA is a highly hydrophilic molecule, it usually cannot pass through the cell membrane of bacteria. Hence, to make bacteria capable of internalizing genetic material, they must be made competent to take up the DNA. This can be achieved by making small holes in bacterial cells by suspending them in a solution containing a - [IRES or 2A in my polycistronic expression cassette, which one is better?](https://signagen.com/blog/should-i-use-ires-or-2a-in-my-polycistronic-expression-cassette/) - When designing a gene expression vector to co-express multiple ORFs under the control of a single promoter, you can choose to place multiple ORFs behind the promoter, separated by linkers such as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) or the 2A family peptides. For either type of linker, multiple proteins will be produced from a - [AAV[MyoAAV(2A)]-CMV-GFP and AAV[MyoAAV(4E)]-CMV-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavmyoaav2a-cmv-gfp-and-aavmyoaav4e-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [How Orbital Diameter and Shaker Agitation Rate Affect Bacteria Growth](https://signagen.com/blog/how-orbital-diameter-and-shaker-agitation-rate-affect-bacteria-growth/) - A common use for orbital shakers is to grow bacteria for a variety of purposes, including the production of proteins and genetic matter and for the study of bacteria themselves. Whatever the application, there are certain factors that will affect the growth of the bacteria, including temperature, aeration, pH, nutrient concentration, and more. Two of - [scAAV(Ark313)-CBh-GFP Ready to Package for Optimal Mouse T Cell Transduction](https://signagen.com/blog/scaavark313-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package-for-optimal-mouse-t-cell-transduction/) - [AAV(MG1.1)-CMV-GFP and AAV(MG1.2)-CMV-GFP Ready to Package for Microglia Transduction](https://signagen.com/blog/aavmg1-1-cmv-gfp-and-aavmg1-2-cmv-gfp-ready-to-package-for-microglia-transduction/) - [Gibson Assembly Cloning](https://signagen.com/blog/gibson-assembly-cloning/) - Summary In 2009 Dr. Daniel Gibson and colleagues at the J. Craig Venter Institute developed a novel method for the easy assembly of multiple linear DNA fragments (Nat Methods 2009;6(5):343-5). Regardless of fragment length or end compatibility, multiple overlapping DNA fragments can be joined in a single isothermal reaction. With the activities of three different - [Tips for Maximizing Ligation Efficiencies](https://signagen.com/blog/tips-for-maximizing-ligation-efficiencies/) - T4 DNA Ligase is the most extensively used ligase for cloning-based experiments. Traditionally, a ligation reaction (blunt or cohesive ends) using traditional T4 DNA Ligase involves incubation at 16°C using 0.1-1 µM DNA (5´ termini) in 1x T4 DNA Ligase Buffer. For your convenience, T4 DNA Ligase can also be used at room temperature, and - [Troubles with ligation?](https://signagen.com/blog/troubles-with-ligation/) - Check the activity of your T4 DNA Ligase with two easy-to-do control experiments You may check the efficiency of your ligation reaction by mixing the reaction with loading dye containing SDS (final SDS concentration 0.2%) and running it on a standard agarose gel. After ligation several high molecular weight bands should appear. Without SDS in - [Electroporation Tips](https://signagen.com/blog/electroporation-tips/) - Electroporation cuvettes and microcentrifuge tubes should be pre-chilled on ice. Electrocompetent cells should be thawed on ice and suspended well by carefully flicking the tubes. Once DNA is added to the cells, electroporation can be carried out immediately. It is not necessary to incubate DNA with cells. The maximum recommended volume of a DNA solution - [Electroporation vs. Heat Shock Transformation](https://signagen.com/blog/1703-2/) - The advantages of using electroporation are the higher efficiency, more colonies, and much faster transformations compared to heat shock method. Transformation efficiencies for electroporation are 5.0 x 109 – 2.0 x 1010 CFU/µg DNA, whereas the efficiencies for heat shock transformation are 1.0 x 105 – 2.0 x 109 CFU/µg DNA (Aune & Aachmann, 2010). Therefore, electroporation is helpful - [Causes and Solutions for Bad qPCR Efficiency](https://signagen.com/blog/at-the-bench/) - [Lentivirus Formulation Buffer](https://signagen.com/blog/lentivirus-formulation-buffer/) - 20 mM PIPES, 75 mM NaCI, 2.5% sucrose, pH 6.520 mM HEPES, 75 mM NaCI, 2.5% sucrose, pH 7.0 - [A195 Buffer for Adenovirus Formulation and Long Term Storage](https://signagen.com/blog/a195-buffer-for-adenovirus-formulation-and-long-storage/) - 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM histidine, 75 mM NaCl, 5% sucrose (w/v), 1 mM MgCl2, 0.02% (w/v) PS-80 (polysorbate-80), 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.5% Ethanol (v/v), pH 7.4 - [DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease [Serratia marcescens]](https://signagen.com/blog/dna-rna-non-specific-endonuclease-serratia-marcescens-3/) - atgcgctttaacaacaagatgttggccctggccgccctgctgttcgccgcacaggcgtcggccgacacgttcgaatccatcgacaactgcgcggtcggctgcccgaccggcggcagcagcaacgtgtcgatcgtgcgtcatgcttatacgttgaacaacaacagcacaaccaagttcgccaactgggtggcctatcacatcaccaaagacacgccggccagcggcaagacgcgcaactggaaaaccgacccggcgctcaatccggccgacaccctggcgcccgccgattacaccggcgccaacgcggcgctgaaggtcgatcgcggtcatcaggcgccgctggcctcgctggcgggcgtttccgactgggaatcgctgaactacctgtccaacatcacgccgcaaaagtccgatcttaaccagggcgcctgggcgcggctggaagatcaggaacgcaagctgatcgatcgcgccgacatctcctcggtctataccgtgaccgggccgttgtatgagcgtgatatgggcaaactgccgggcacccagaaagcgcacaccatccccagcgcctactggaaggtgattttcatcaacaacagcccggcggtaaaccactatgccgctttcctgttcgatcagaacacgccgaagggcgccgatttctgccaattccgcgtgacggtggacgagatcgagaaacgtaccggcctgatcatctgggccggtctgccggacgacgtacaggcttcgctgaagagcaagcccggcgtcctgccggagctgatgggctgcaaaaactga - [DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease [Serratia marcescens]](https://signagen.com/blog/dna-rna-non-specific-endonuclease-serratia-marcescens-2/) - ATGCGCTTCTCCAACAAAATGCTTGCGTTGGCAGCACTGCTGTTTGCAGCGCAAGCGAGTGCAGATACCCTGGAGTCGATTGACAATTGTGCTGTGGGTTGTCCGACAGGAGGCAGCAGTAACGTGAGCATCGTACGTCATGCGTATACCCTGAACAACAATAGCACCACCAAATTTGCGAATTGGGTGGCGTACCATATTACGAAGGACACGCCGGCCTCTGGGAAAACCCGGAATTGGAAAACCGATCCCGCGCTGAATCCGGCCGATACTCTGGCACCAGCCGACTATACAGGCGCGAATGCTGCTCTGAAAGTGGATCGTGGGCATCAAGCCCCTTTAGCGTCACTTGCCGGCGTTTCTGACTGGGAATCGCTCAACTATCTCAGCAACATTACGCCGCAGAAATCTGACCTTAACCAGGGTGCATGGGCACGCTTGGAAGATCAGGAACGCAAGCTGATTGATCGTGCGGACATTTCATCCGTCTACACCGTTACTGGTCCGCTGTATGAACGCGATATGGGCAAATTACCGGGCACGCAGAAAGCGCACACGATTCCCAGTGCTTACTGGAAAGTGATCTTCATCAACAATTCGCCTGCGGTCAACCACTATGCTGCGTTCCTGTTCGATCAGAACACGCCAAAAGGTGCCGACTTTTGCCAGTTTCGCGTAACCGTAGATGAAATCGAGAAACGTACCGGCCTGATCATCTGGGCCGGTTTACCGGATGATGTGCAGGCATCCTTGAAAAGCAAACCGGGCGTTCTGCCAGAACTGATGGGTTGCAAGAATTAA - [DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease [Serratia marcescens]](https://signagen.com/blog/dna-rna-non-specific-endonuclease-serratia-marcescens/) - 1 MRFNNKMLAL AALLFAAQAS ADTLESIDNC AVGCPTGGSS NVSIVRHAYT LNNNSTTKFA 61 NWVAYHITKD TPASGKTRNW KTDPALNPAD TLAPADYTGA NAALKVDRGH QAPLASLAGV 121 SDWESLNYLS NITPQKSDLN QGAWARLEDQ ERKLIDRADI SSVYTVTGPL YERDMGKLPG 181 TQKAHTIPSA YWKVIFINNS PAVNHYAAFL FDQNTPKGAD FCQFRVTVDE IEKRTGLIIW 241 AGLPDDIQAS LKSKPGVLPE LMGCKN - [Starting Materials to Run a ddPCR for rAAV Titration with An AutoDG Droplet Generator and QX 200 Droplet Reader](https://signagen.com/blog/starting-materials-to-run-a-ddpcr-for-raav-titration-with-an-autodg-droplet-generator-and-qx-200-droplet-reader/) - Molecular Biology Grade Water, Hyclone, SH30538.02GeneAmp 10X PCR Buffer, Applied Biosystems, N8080129ddPCR Supermix for Probes no dUTP, Bio-Rad,186302310% Pluronic F-68, Thermo Fisher, 24040032Droplet generation oil, Bio-Rad, 1863005DG32 cartridge, Bio-Rad, 1864108ddPCR 96-well PCR plates, Bio-Rad, 12001925Pierceable Foil Heat Seal, Bio-Rad, 1814040Polystyrene Reservoirs, VWR, 89094-662Microcentrifuge tubes, VWR, 87003-294Primers/probe targeting ITR:ITR Forward Primer: 5’-CGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAITR Reverse Primer: 5’-GGAACCCCTAGTGATGGAGTTITR Probe: - [LV-EF1a-GFP-Puro in Baboon Envelope Pseudotype, Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-ef1a-gfp-puro-in-baboon-envelope-pseudotype-ready-to-package/) - [Adenovirus Type C qPCR Titration Primers and Probe](https://signagen.com/blog/adenovirus-type-c-qpcr-titration-primers-and-probe/) - Target Penton:FORWARD: TCGACACCACCCGTGTGTACREVERSE: TGCTGTGGTCGTTCTGGTAGTTPROBE: TGGACAACAAGTCAACGGATGTGGCA - [Density and Refractive Index for CsCl](https://signagen.com/blog/density-and-refractive-index-for-cscl/) - [Cell Culture Antibiotic Selection Guide](https://signagen.com/blog/cell-culture-antibiotic-selection-guide/) - [AAV5-RPhpe427-GFP and AAV5-RPhpe1289-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-rphpe427-gfp-and-aav5-rphpe1289-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV9-hSyn-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry and AAV9-hSyn-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-hsyn-hm3dgq-mcherry-and-aav9-hsyn-hm4dgi-mcherry-ready-to-package/) - [Membrane Information](https://signagen.com/blog/membrane-information/) - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Hydrophobic membrane. Resistant to organic solvents as well as strong acids and bases. Low protein binding. Low in extractables. Main applications are the filtration of non-aqueous samples. Prior to filtering of aqueous samples the membrane must be pre-wetted with a water-miscible organic solvent.Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)Hydrophilic membrane. Resistant to a broad range of organic solvents. - [Quantification of AAV particles and empty capsids by optical density measurement](https://signagen.com/blog/quantification-of-aav-particles-and-empty-capsids-by-optical-density-measurement/) - Predicted relationship of capsid to vector genome ratio (cp/vg) and absorbance ratio (A260/A280) for a denatured rAAV*. The theoretical A260/A280 ratio was plotted for the rAAV vector with a cp/vg ratio ranging from 1 (no empty capsids) to 50 (98% empty capsids).* rAAV was denatured in conditions of 0.1% SDS and 10 min at 75°C - [qPCR Determination of Mycoplasma in AAV Samples](https://signagen.com/blog/qpcr-determination-of-mycoplasma-in-aav-samples/) - Generate primers are designed to amplify the mycoplasma 16S rDNA via qPCR.Primer sequence:16S U1 (forward) 5’–GTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGAYDAAC– 3’ **16S U8 (reverse) 5’–GAAAGGAGGTRWTCCAYCCSCAC– 3’ ***Y = C or T; D = T, A or G; R = A or G; W = A or T; S = C or G.** or 0.17 μM of each individual sequence - [AAV10 VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav10-vp1-sequence/) - atggctgctgacggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacctgaaacctggagcccccaagcccaaggccaaccagcagaagcaggacgacggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaagaagcgggttctcgaacctctcggtctggttgaggaagctgctaagacggctcctggaaagaagagaccggtagaaccgtcacctcagcgttcccccgactcctccacgggcatcggcaagaaaggccagcagcccgctaaaaagagactgaactttgggcagactggcgagtcagagtcagtccccgaccctcaaccaatcggagaaccaccagcaggcccctctggtctgggatctggtacaatggctgcaggcggtggcgctccaatggcagacaataacgaaggcgccgacggagtgggtagttcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaaccacctctacaagcaaatctccaacgggacatcgggaggaagcaccaacgacaacacctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggccaaaaagactcagcttcaagctcttcaacatccaggtcaaggaggtcacgcagaatgaaggcaccaagaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacgattcaggtatttacggactcggaataccagctgccgtacgtcctcggctccgcgcaccagggctgcctgcctccgttcccggcggatgtcttcatgattccccagtacggctacctgacactgaacaatggaagtcaagccgtaggccgttcctccttctactgcctggaatattttccatctcaaatgctgcgaactggaaacaattttgaattcagctacaccttcgaggacgtgcctttccacagcagctacgcacacagccagagcttggaccgactgatgaatcctctcattgaccagtacctgtactacttatccagaactcagtccacaggaggaactcaaggtacccagcaattgttattttctcaagctgggcctgcaaacatgtcggctcaggccaagaactggctgcctggaccttgctaccggcagcagcgagtctccacgacactgtcgcaaaacaacaacagcaactttgcttggactggtgccaccaaatatcacctgaacggaagagactctctggtgaatcccggtgtcgccatggcaacccacaaggacgacgaggaacgcttcttcccgtcgagcggagtcctgatgtttggaaaacagggtgctggaagagacaatgtggactacagcagcgttatgctaacaagcgaagaagaaattaaaaccactaaccctgtagccacagaacaatacggcgtggtggctgacaacttgcagcaagccaatacagggcctattgtgggaaatgtcaacagccaaggagccttacctggcatggtctggcagaaccgagacgtgtacctgcagggtcccatctgggccaagattcctcacacggacggcaactttcacccgtctcctctgatgggcggctttggacttaaacacccgcctccacagatcctgatcaagaacacgccggtacctgcggatcctccaacaacgttcagccaggcgaaattggcttccttcatcacgcagtacagcaccggacaggtcagcgtggaaatcgagtgggagctgcagaaggagaacagcaaacgctggaacccagagattcagtacacttcaaactactacaaatctacaaatgtggactttgctgtcaatacagagggaacttattctgagcctcgccccattggtactcgttatctgacacgtaatctgtaa - [Validated Target Region against Human HSD17B13 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-human-hsd17b13-gene/) - 5'-TTTGCAAATTCATAAGTAGTCTGCC-3'5'-CGTCACTGCGCATGCGTAT-3' - [Validated Target Region for TLR4 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-for-tlr4-gene/) - 5'- CCGTTGGTGTATCTTTGAATA -3' - [Mouse EGR1 Validated Target Region](https://signagen.com/blog/mouse-egr1-validated-target-region-2/) - 5′-GGACTTAAAGGCTCTTAAT-3′5′-GGACAAGAAAGCAGACAAA-3′ - [Human ChAT Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/human-chat-promoter/) - cccgggagcagggggtggggaaggaggagcagtggctggtggcaagtctgagccaggacatagccgatgacagcctgtgaatgaccggccagactggggttggaccttcggggcagagcaggcagcccttggaaagccaggctggtaggagcatgggtgggaggcacaaaacacagacaaacagacatatatacacatatatcctctaggcatctccgaggagtgatggaggagagagttggtaggtgggaccacaggaaaccatcccacccagctctgccttcttcaagctcagggtccctgaagcctgactagtgtctcccgaatgggggaggggggggctctgggcagagcaaaaggaggcattggctgcatgtcttagggcctttaccaactgaccttgtccttgctgtcctctcaaaagactgccatgctccggtgaatcctcaccaggacgccacctctttcactttgcagttgggggcagcccctacgaacccacagcactgggaggcgtgggaacaagcctgtggagagtgtccctgcactgtgccagcaagggctttacattctctgcccagcactgcaaggcagccccaggctcctccatccttgggcctggttcatccatctttctggactctctgttcctggcaacaaccctgccagtcccgatacatgggcggtgcttgcctctgggtaggggtggtgttgggtggggagaggggtgaggaaattagctaaacctcagctttagacttgagagaatagagggtgggctggtggaaaacatgagtatgtgcctgtggaggcttaggttcagggggatctcagagggtagcaattgtgacccacagcctaataataacagtctttgccctcttggcctggctc - [Validated Target Region against Mouse G3BP Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-g3bp-gene/) - CCTCAGAGAGATCAGAGAGTT - [Two Validated Mouse SV2C Target Regions](https://signagen.com/blog/two-validated-mouse-sv2c-target-regions/) - 5'- GACAGCATCGTGTCTGTAG -3'5'- ATCGTGTCTGTAGGACAGC -3' - [Validated Target Region against Mouse Cacna1c Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-cacna1c-gene/) - 5'- GGAAAGCTCTATACCTGTT - 3' - [Luna Universal Probe One-Step RT-qPCR for Detection of Covid-19](https://signagen.com/blog/luna-universal-probe-one-step-rt-qpcr-for-detection-of-covid-19/) - Reaction Setup: For best results, we recommend running each RNA standard and sample in triplicate. Thaw Luna Universal Probe One-Step Reaction Mix and other reaction components at room temperature, then place on ice. After thawing completely, briefly mix each component by inversion, pipetting or gentle vortexing.Determine the total volume for the appropriate number of reactions, plus - [RT-qPCR Reaction Conditions for Detection of Covid-19 by FDA and CDC](https://signagen.com/blog/rt-qpcr-reaction-conditions-for-detection-of-covid-19-by-cdc/) - In Stage 1, Set to 2 min at 25°C; 1 Rep.In Stage 2, Set to 15 min at 55°C; 1 Rep.In Stage 3, Set to 2 min at 95°C, 1 Rep.In Stage 4, Step 1 set to 10 sec at 95°C.In Stage 4, Step 2 set to 30 sec at 60°C.In Stage 4, Reps should - [AAV8-GFAP0.7-emGFP-miRNA(mPTBP1) Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-gfap-emgfp-mirnamptbp1-ready-to-package/) - [Validated Target Region against Mouse PTBP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-ptbp1-gene/) - 5'-GGGTGAAGATCCTGTTCAATA-3' - [Research Use Only 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV, Covid-19) Real-time RT-PCR Primers and Probes](https://signagen.com/blog/research-use-only-2019-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-real-time-rt-pcr-primers-and-probes/) - [Bmi-1 Validated target Regions](https://signagen.com/blog/bmi-1-validated-target-regions/) - GAGATAATAAGCTTGTCTA ACAACCAGAATCAAGATCA ATATGGATGTTAAGTGGAA - [Validated siRNA Targeting Mouse Trpv1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sirna-targeting-mouse-trpv1-gene/) - 5’-GTCGGTTTATGTTCGTCTAC-3’ - [A Novel AAV Serotype B1 for CNS Transduction](https://signagen.com/blog/a-novel-aav-serotype-b1-for-cns-transduction/) - VP1 Amino Acid Sequence of AAV-B1: MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHAD VEFQERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPFGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSSGIGKKGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSGVG PNTMAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSTWMGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNGTSGGSTNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRD WQRLINNNWGFRPKRLSFKLFNIQVKEVTQNEGTKTIANNLTSTIQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYF PSQMLRTGNNFEFSYQFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTQSTGGTARTQQLLFSQAGPNTMANQAKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSTTTGQNNN SNSAWTAGTKYHLNGRNSLANPGIAMATHKDDEERFFPSNGILIFGKQNAARDNADYSDVMLTSEEEIKTTNPVATEEYGIVADNLQQQNTAPQIGTVNSQ GALPGMVWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPADPPTTFNQSKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEI QYTSNYYKSTSVDFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL - [Virus used in gene therapies may pose cancer risk, dog study hints](https://signagen.com/blog/virus-used-in-gene-therapies-may-pose-cancer-risk-dog-study-hints/) - Just as gene therapy finally seems to be living up to its promise, a study has revived a lingering worry about the viral vessel that many efforts rely on to ferry therapeutic genes into patients. This “vector,” a stripped-down version of adeno-associated virus (AAV), was thought to be safe because it rarely knits the human - [Why is my no template control (NTC) real-time Ct value < 35 cycles in my qPCR Assay?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-is-my-no-template-control-ntc-real-time-ct-value-35-cycles-in-my-qpcr-assay/) - There is DNA contamination somewhere in your PCR assay system. Use only PCR-grade reagents and lab ware. Wear gloves throughout the procedure. Always use fresh pipette tips, water and other reagents. Do not leave lab ware (open tubes and tip boxes) exposed to the air for long periods of time. The most common source of - [Human HEY1 siRNA Validated](https://signagen.com/blog/human-hey1-sirna-validated/) - 5′-UAGAGCCGAACUCAAGUUUCCAUUC-3′ 5′-UUGAGAUGCGAAACCAGUCGAACUC-3′ - [EGFP Primers and Probe for qPCR](https://signagen.com/blog/egfp-primers-and-probe-for-qpcr/) - Primers: 5’-AGTCCGCCCTGAGCAAAGA-3’ (eGFP-F) 5’-TCCAGCAGGACCATGTGATC-3’ (eGFP-R) Probe: CCCAACGAGAAGCG - [AAV Anc80L65 VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-anc80l65-vp1/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacttgaaacctggagccccgaaacccaaagccaaccagcaaaagcaggacg acggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgacca gcagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggcca agaagcgggttctcgaacctctcggtctggttgaggaaggcgctaagacggctcctggaaagaagaggccggtagagcaatcaccccaggaaccagactcctcttcgggcatcggcaagaa aggccagcagcccgcgagaaagagactcaactttgggcagacaggcgactcagagtcagtgcccgaccctcaaccactcggagaaccccccgcagccccctctggtgtgggatctaatacaat ggctgcaggcggtggcgctccaatggcagacaataacgaaggcgccgacggagtgggtaacgcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagc acccgaacctgggccctccccacctacaacaaccacctctacaagcaaatctccagccaatcgggaggcagcaccaacgacaacacctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttta acagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcccaagaagctcaacttcaagctcttcaacatccaggtcaaggaggtcacgacgaat gatggcaccacgaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacggttcaggtctttacggactcggaataccagctcccgtacgtcctcggctctgcgcaccagggctgcctgcctccgttcccggcggac gtcttcatgattcctcagtacgggtacctgactctgaacaatggcagtcaggccgtgggccgttcctccttctactgcctggagtactttccttctcaaatgctgagaacgggcaacaactttcagt tcagctacacgtttgaggacgtgccttttcacagcagctacgcgcacagccaaagcctggaccggctgatgaaccccctcatcgaccagtacctgtactacctgtctcggactcagaccacgagtg gtaccgcaggaaatcggacgttgcaattttctcaggccgggcctagtagcatggcgaatcaggccaaaaactggctacccgggccctgctaccggcagcaacgcgtctccaagacaaccaatc aaaataacaacagcaactttgcctggaccggtgccaccaagtatcatctgaatggcagagactctctggtaaatcccggtcccgctatggcaacccacaaggacgacgaagacaaattttttcc gatgagcggagtcttaatatttgggaaacagggagctggaaatagcaacgtggaccttgacaacgttatgataaccaacgaggaagaaattaaaaccaccaacccagtggccacagaaga gtacggcacggtggccactaacctgcaatcggccaacaccgctcctgctacagggaccgtcaacagtcaaggagccttacctggcatggtctggcaggaccgggacgtgtacctgcagggtcc tatctgggccaagattcctcacacggacggacactttcatccctcgccgctgatgggaggctttggactgaaacacccgcctcctcagatcctgattaagaatacacctgttcccgcgaatcctcca actaccttcagtccagctaagtttgcgtcgttcatcacgcagtacagcaccggacaggtcagcgtggaaattgaatgggagctgcagaaagaaaacagcaaacgctggaacccagagattca atacacttccaactacaacaaatctacaaatgtggactttgctgttgacacaaatggcgtttattctgagcctcgccccatcggcacccgttacctcacccgtaatctgtaa - [Sequence of AAV6 Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-aav6-assembly-activating-protein/) - ATGCTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTCCCCGACCCACAACCTCTCGGAGAACCTCCAGCAACCCCCGCTGCTGTGGGACCTACTACAATGGCTTCAGGCGGTGGCGCACCA ATGGCAGACAATAACGAAGGCGCCGACGGAGTGGGTAATGCCTCAGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACATGGCTGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCCGAA CATGGGCCTTGCCCACCTATAACAACCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAGTGCTTCAACGGGGGCCAGCAACGACAACCACTACTTCGGCTACAGCACCCCCTGGGG GTATTTTGATTTCAACAGATTCCACTGCCATTTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATCAACAACAATTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAGACTCAACTTCAAGCTCT TCAACATCCAAGTCAAGGAGGTCACGACGAATGATGGCGTCACGACCATCGCTAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTCAAGTCTTCTCGGACTCGGAGTACCAGTTGCCG TACGTCCTCGGCTCTGCGCACCAGGGCTGCCTCCCTCCGTTCCCGGCGGACGTGTTCATGA - [Sequence of AAV4 Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-aav4-assembly-activating-protein/) - ATGCTGGAGCAGGCGACGGACCCCCTGAGGGATCAACTTCCGGAGCCATGTCTGATGACAGTGAGATGCGTGCAGCAGCTGGCGGAGCTGCAGTCGAGGGCGGACA AGGTGCCGATGGAGTGGGTAATGCCTCGGGTGATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACCTGGTCTGAGGGCCACGTCACGACCACCAGCACCAGAACCTGGGTCTTGCCCACCT ACAACAACCACCTCTACAAGCGACTCGGAGAGAGCCTGCAGTCCAACACCTACAACGGATTCTCCACCCCCTGGGGATACTTTGACTTCAACCGCTTCCACTGCCAC TTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATCAACAACAACTGGGGCATGCGACCCAAAGCCATGCGGGTCAAAATCTTCAACATCCAGGTCAAGGAGGTCACGACG TCGAACGGCGAGACAACGGTGGCTAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTCAGATCTTTGCGGACTCGTCGTACGAACTGCCGTACGTGA - [Sequence of AAV3B Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-aav3b-assembly-activating-protein/) - ATGCTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTCCCAGACCCTCAACCTCTCGGAGAACCACCAGCAGCCCCCACAAGTTTGGGATCTAATACAATGGCTTCAGGCGGTGGCGCACCA ATGGCAGACAATAACGAGGGTGCCGATGGAGTGGGTAATTCCTCAGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCCAATGGCTGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCAGAA CCTGGGCCCTGCCCACTTACAACAACCATCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAGCCAATCAGGAGCTTCAAACGACAACCACTACTTTGGCTACAGCACCCCTTGGGGGTA TTTTGACTTTAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATTAACAACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAAACTCAGCTTCAAGCTCTTC AACATCCAAGTTAAAGAGGTCACGCAGAACGATGGCACGACGACTATTGCCAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTCAAGTGTTTACGGACTCGGAGTATCAGCTCCCGT ACGTGCTCGGGTCGGCGCACCAAGGCTGTCTCCCGCCGTTTCCAGCGGACGTCTTCATGGTCCCTCAGTATGGATACCTCACCCTGA - [Sequence of AAV1 Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-aav1-assembly-activating-protein/) - ATGCTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTCCCCGATCCACAACCTCTCGGAGAACCTCCAGCAACCCCCGCTGCTGTGGGACCTACTACAATGGCTTCAGGCGGTGGCGCA CCAATGGCAGACAATAACGAAGGCGCCGACGGAGTGGGTAATGCCTCAGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACATGGCTGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGC ACCCGCACCTGGGCCTTGCCCACCTACAATAACCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAGTGCTTCAACGGGGGCCAGCAACGACAACCACTACTTCGGCTACAGCA CCCCCTGGGGGTATTTTGATTTCAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTTTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATCAACAACAATTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAGACTC AACTTCAAACTCTTCAACATCCAAGTCAAGGAGGTCACGACGAATGATGGCGTCACAACCATCGCTAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTCAAGTCTTCTCGGACT CGGAGTACCAGCTTCCGTACGTCCTCGGCTCTGCGCACCAGGGCTGCCTCCCTCCGTTCCCGGCGGACGTGTTCATGA - [Sequence of AAV9 Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-aap/) - ATGCTGGCGACACAGAGTCAGTCCCAGACCCTCAACCAATCGGAGAACCTCCCGCAGCCCCCTCAGGTGTGGGATCTCTTACAATGGCTTCAGGTGGTGGCGCAC CAGTGGCAGACAATAACGAAGGTGCCGATGGAGTGGGTAGTTCCTCGGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCCAATGGCTGGGGGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACC CGAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACCTACAACAATCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAACAGCACATCTGGAGGATCTTCAAATGACAACGCCTACTTCGGCTACAGCACC CCCTGGGGGTATTTTGACTTCAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATCAACAACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCTAAGCGACTCAAC TTCAAGCTCTTCAACATTCAGGTCAAAGAGGTTACGGACAACAATGGAGTCAAGACCATCGCCAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTCCAGGTCTTCACGGACTCAGA CTATCAGCTCCCGTACGTGCTCGGGTCGGCTCACGAGGGCTGCCTCCCGCCGTTCCCAGCGGACGTTTTCATGA - [Sequence of AAV8 Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-aap/) - ATGCTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTTCCAGACCCTCAACCTCTCGGAGAACCTCCAGCAGCGCCCTCTGGTGTGGGACCTAATACAATGGCTGCAGGCGGTGGCGCAC CAATGGCAGACAATAACGAAGGCGCCGACGGAGTGGGTAGTTCCTCGGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACATGGCTGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACC CGAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACCTACAACAACCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAACGGGACATCGGGAGGAGCCACCAACGACAACACCTACTTCGGCTACAGCAC CCCCTGGGGGTATTTTGACTTTAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTTTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATCAACAACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAGACTCAG CTTCAAGCTCTTCAACATCCAGGTCAAGGAGGTCACGCAGAATGAAGGCACCAAGACCATCGCCAATAACCTCACCAGCACCATCCAGGTGTTTACGGACTCGGA GTACCAGCTGCCGTACGTTCTCGGCTCTGCCCACCAGGGCTGCCTGCCTCCGTTCCCGGCGGACGTGTTCATGA - [Sequence of AAV5 Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-aav5-assembly-activating-protein/) - atgctggacccagcggatcccagcagctgcaaatcccagcccaaccagcctcaagtttgggagctgatacaatgtctgcgggaggtggcggcccattgggcgacaataaccaaggtgccgatgg agtgggcaatgcctcgggagattggcattgcgattccacgtggatgggggacagagtcgtcaccaagtccacccgaacctgggtgctgcccagctacaacaaccaccagtaccgagagatcaaa agcggctccgtcgacggaagcaacgccaacgcctactttggatacagcaccccctgggggtactttgactttaaccgcttccacagccactggagcccccgagactggcaaagactcatcaacaact actggggcttcagaccccggtccctcagagtcaaaatcttcaacattcaagtcaaagaggtcacggtgcaggactccaccaccaccatcgccaacaacctcacctccaccgtccaagtgtttacggac gacgactaccagctgccctacgtcgtcggcaacgggaccgagggatgcctgccggccttccctccgcaggtctttacgctgccgcagtacggttacgcgacgctga - [Sequence of AAV2 Assembly-Activating Protein (AAP)](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-aav2-assembly-activating-protein/) - atgctggagacgcagactcagtacctgacccccagcctctcggacagccaccagcagccccctctggtctgggaactaatacgatggctacaggcagtggcgcaccaatggcagacaataacga gggcgccgacggagtgggtaattcctcgggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggatgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaaccacctctac aaacaaatttccagccaatcaggagcctcgaacgacaatcactactttggctacagcaccccttgggggtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttttcaccacgtgactggcaaagactc atcaacaacaactggggattccgacccaagagactcaacttcaagctctttaacattcaagtcaaagaggtcacgcagaatgacggtacgacgacgattgccaataaccttaccagcacggtt caggtgtttactgactcggagtaccagctcccgtacgtcctcggctcggcgcatcaaggatgcctcccgccgttcccagcagacgtcttcatggtgccacagtatggatacctcaccctga - [Validated Target Region against Mouse Lamtor1](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-lamtor1/) - CGTATGCCTATAGTGCACTTT - [Two Validated Target Regions against Mouse ROCK2](https://signagen.com/blog/two-validated-target-regions-against-mouse-rock2/) - CAGAAGCGTTGTCTTATGCAA TTGGATAAACATGGACATCTA - [Two validated target regions](https://signagen.com/blog/two-validated-target-regions/) - N-Taf : CTCAGGCTAAGCCTCCTGATT C/N-Taf: TGGAGGAAGCAGAATTAGAAA - [Validated Target Region against Mouse Rock2](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-rock2/) - 5’-CAGAAGCGTTGTCTTATGCAA-3’ 5’-TTGGATAAACATGGACATCTA-3’ - [Human VMD2 Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/human-vmd2-promoter/) - AATTC TGTCATTTTA CTAGGGTGAT GAAATTCCCA AGCAACACCATCCTTTTCAG ATAAGG GCAC TGAGGCTGAG AGAGGAGCTG AAACCTACCC GGCGTCACCACACACAGGTG GCAAG GCTGG GACCAGAAAC CAGGACTGTT GACTGCAGCC CGGTATTCATTCTTTCCATA GCCCA CAGGG CTGTCAAAGA CCCCAGGGCC TAGTCAGAGG CTCCTCCTTCCTGGAGAGTT CCTGG CACAG AAGTTGAAGC TCAGCACAGC CCCCTAACCC CCAACTCTCTCTGCAAGGCC TCAGG GGTCA GAACACTGGT GGAGCAGATC CTTTAGCCTC TGGATTTTAGGGCCATGGTA GAGGG GGTGT TGCCCTAAAT TCCAGCCCTG GTCTCAGCCC AACACCCTCCAAGAAGAAAT TAGAGG GGCC ATGGCCAGGC TGTGCTAGCC GTTGCTTCTG AGCAGATTACAAGAAGGGAC CAAGAC AAGG ACTCCTTTGT GGAGGTCCTG GCTTAGGGAG TCAAGTGACGGCGGCTCAGC ACTCAC GTGG - [AAV7m8-CMV-GFP and AAV7m8-CAG-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav7m8-cmv-gfp-and-aav7m8-cag-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV5-RK-hrGFP Ready to package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-rk-hrgfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV2 p19 Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/p19-promoter/) - CCAGAAATGGCGCCGGAGGCGGGAACAAGGTGGTGGATGAGTGCTACATCCCCAATTACTTGCTCCCCAAAACCCAGCCTGAGC TCCAGTGGGCGTGGACTAATATGGAACAGTATTTAAG - [AAV2 P40 Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/p40-promoter/) - GGGTCACCAAGCAGGAAGTCAAAGACTTTTTCCGGTGGGCAAAGGATCACGTGGTTGAGGTGGAGCATGAATTCTACGTCAAAAAGGGTGGAGCCAAGAAAAGACCCGCCCCCAGTGACGCAGATATAAGTGAGCCCAAACGGGTGCGCGAGTCAGTTGCGCAGCCATCGACGTCAGACGCT - [TATAless p5 Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/tataless-p5-promoter/) - GGAGGGGTGGAGTCGTGACGTGAATTACGTCATAGGGTTAGGGAGGTCCTGTATTAGAGGTCACGTGAGTGTTTTGCGACATTTTGCGACACCA TGTGGTCTCGCTGGGGGGGGGGGCCCGAGTGAGCACGCAGGGTCTCCATTTTGAAGCGGGAGGTTTGAACT - [Validated Target Region against Mouse TIMP1 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-timp1-gene/) - # 1. tgcacagtgtttccctgtt # 2. tcaagatgactaagatgct # 3. tgcacagtgtttccctgtt - [AAV(DJ/8)-GFAP-TetR-U6TO-miRNA Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavdj8-gfap-tetr-u6to-mirna-ready-to-package/) - [AAV(PHP.eB)-hSyn-SF-iGluSnFR(A184S) Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavphp-eb-hsyn-sf-iglusnfra184s-ready-to-package/) - [qPCR Primer and Probe Sequences for rAAV Titration](https://signagen.com/blog/qpcr-primer-and-probe-sequences-for-raav-titration/) - CMV Promoter: CMV-F TTC CTA CTT GGC AGT ACA TCT ACG CMV-R GTC AAT GGG GTG GAG ACT TGG CMV-P TGA GTC AAA CCG CTA TCC ACG CCC A AAV2 ITR: ITR-F GGA ACC CCT AGT GAT GGA GTT ITR-R CGG CCT CAG TGA GCG A ITR-P CAC TCC CTC TCT GCG CGC TCG Humanized - [Commonly Used Primers](https://signagen.com/blog/commonly-used-primers/) - 3'AOX1 GCAAATGGCATTCTGACATCC For Pichia vectors with AOX1 terminator, reverse primer 5'AOX1 GACTGGTTCCAATTGACAAGC For Pichia vectors with AOX1 promoter, forward primer 35S promoter CTATCCTTCGCAAGACCCTTC CaMV 35S promoter, forward primer AC5 ACACAAAGCCGCTCCATCAG Drosophila Actin 5C promoter, forward primer Alpha-factor TACTATTGCCAGCATTGCTGC Alpha factor signal sequence, forward primer Amp-R ATAATACCGCGCCACATAGC 5' end of ampicillin resistance gene, reverse primer AUG1 - [Sim1 Specific Promoter for PVN Neurons](https://signagen.com/blog/sim1-specific-promoter-for-pvn-neurons/) - 1 GGTACCGAGG CGCGCAGCCG TGGGGAAATC CTGGCCACTG TCTGGGATGC 51 TATTCGCACG CGTTCCTGGA GCCTCGGCTA GCCAGCCCCC GCAAGGCCGC 101 ACGCTGTGCG CAGACACCCG AGTCTAGGGA GCGCGAGTGT CACTCGGCAC 151 GCCGAAGACC TCGGGGTTTG GAGCGGCGGC GGCAGCGGGG CAGCGGCGAC 201 CCCGCGCCCG GGGCTCATTA GGAGCGGAGC TGCCAGGCTC ACTGTAGGAC 251 CCGAGCCGCG AGCCCAGTCG CGTGGGGGGG GGGGGGGAGG AGGAGCAGGG 301 AGCATGCTCG TCACTCACCC CGATTGGCCA ATGAGCGCCG CGTCTTGGTT 351 GCCTATGACC AATAGGAAGA GAGAAAATTT GTGAGTGGCG TTTGAGAAGG 401 GCGGGAGAAA GGGAACCTGG GAGCGAAGTT GAAGCTAAAC CCGGTAAGCT 451 - [Wt AAV2 p5 Promoter for Rep](https://signagen.com/blog/wt-aav-p5-promoter-for-rep/) - ggaggggtggagtcgtgacgtgaattacgtcatagggttagggaggtcctgtattagaggtcacgtgagtgttttgcgacattttgcgacaccatgtggtcacgctgggtatttaagcccg agtgagcacgcagggtctccattttgaagcgggaggtttgaac - [Validated Target Region against Mouse Slc16a7 (MCT2) Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-slc16a7-gene/) - CATTGGAGGTTTAGGATTA - [AAV8-TBG-fLuc-P2A-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-tbg-fluc-p2a-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [Validated Target Region against Mouse SCN3A](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-scn3a/) - GTTCGACCCTGACGCCACC - [rcAAV Assay via PCR](https://signagen.com/blog/rcaav-assay-via-pcr/) - PCR and sequencing. The following primers were used for PCR amplification for analysis of rcAAV: D region, 5'-CTCCATCACTAGGGGTTCC-3' (AAV2 nt 126 to 144); rep, 5'-GGCAGATGCCCGTCAAGGT-3' (AAV2 nt 379 to 361); and cap, 5'-CAGAGATGTGTACCTTCAG-3' (AAV2 nt 4026 to 4044). Episomal DNA was subjected to 35 cycles of PCR amplification using the D-region–rep or D-region–cap primer set. Products were separated on - [Validated Target Region against Cavea Porcellus NaV1.7 Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-guinea-pig-nav1-7-gene/) - GGGCATAGATTACGTGAAA - [Validated Target Region against Mouse Nanog Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-nanog-gene/) - GTTAAGACCTGGTTTCAAA - [AAV8-HBV1.2-X-minus Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-hbv1-2-x-minus-ready-to-package/) - [Validated Target Region against Mouse SETD7](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-setd7/) - ccgtgttcagagataccaaat - [Validated Target Region against Mouse Ces1c Gene](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-against-mouse-ces1c-gene/) - CAGGGAAACTGGTACAGTA - [AAVrh8-CAG-fLuc Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavrh8-cag-fluc-ready-to-package/) - [rAAV rh8 Rep/Cap with Wt P5 Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/raav-rh8-repcap-with-wt-p5-promoter/) - AGAGGTCCTGTATTAGAGGTCACGTGAGTGTTTTGCGACATTTTGCGACACCATGTGGTCACGCTGGGTATTTAAGCCCGAGTGAGCACGCAGGGTCTCCATTTTGAA GCGGGAGGTTTGAACGCGCAGCCACCACGCCGGGGTTTTACGAGATTGTGATTAAGGTCCCCAGCGACCTTGACGAGCATCTGCCCGGCATTTCTGACAGCTTTGTG AACTGGGTGGCCGAGAAGGAATGGGAGTTGCCGCCAGATTCTGACATGGATCTGAATCTGATTGAGCAGGCACCCCTGACCGTGGCCGAGAAGCTGCAGCGCGACT TTCTGACGGAATGGCGCCGTGTGAGTAAGGCCCCGGAGGCCCTTTTCTTTGTGCAATTTGAGAAGGGAGAGAGCTACTTCCACATGCACGTGCTCGTGGAAACCACC GGGGTGAAATCCATGGTTTTGGGACGTTTCCTGAGTCAGATTCGCGAAAAACTGATTCAGAGAATTTACCGCGGGATCGAGCCGACTTTGCCAAACTGGTTCGCGG TCACAAAGACCAGAAATGGCGCCGGAGGCGGGAACAAGGTGGTGGATGAGTGCTACATCCCCAATTACTTGCTCCCCAAAACCCAGCCTGAGCTCCAGTGGGCGT GGACTAATATGGAACAGTATTTAAGCGCCTGTTTGAATCTCACGGAGCGTAAACGGTTGGTGGCGCAGCATCTGACGCACGTGTCGCAGACGCAGGAGCAGAACA AAGAGAATCAGAATCCCAATTCTGATGCGCCGGTGATCAGATCAAAAACTTCAGCCAGGTACATGGAGCTGGTCGGGTGGCTCGTGGACAAGGGGATTACCTCGG AGAAGCAGTGGATCCAGGAGGACCAGGCCTCATACATCTCCTTCAATGCGGCCTCCAACTCGCGGTCCCAAATCAAGGCTGCCTTGGACAATGCGGGAAAGATTA TGAGCCTGACTAAAACCGCCCCCGACTACCTGGTGGGCCAGCAGCCCGTGGAGGACATTTCCAGCAATCGGATTTATAAAATTTTGGAACTAAACGGGTACGATC CCCAATATGCGGCTTCCGTCTTTCTGGGATGGGCCACGAAAAAGTTCGGCAAGAGGAACACCATCTGGCTGTTTGGGCCTGCAACTACCGGGAAGACCAACATCG CGGAGGCCATAGCCCACACTGTGCCCTTCTACGGGTGCGTAAACTGGACCAATGAGAACTTTCCCTTCAACGACTGTGTCGACAAGATGGTGATCTGGTGGGAGGA GGGGAAGATGACCGCCAAGGTCGTGGAGTCGGCCAAAGCCATTCTCGGAGGAAGCAAGGTGCGCGTGGACCAGAAATGCAAGTCCTCGGCCCAGATAGACCCG ACTCCCGTGATCGTCACCTCCAACACCAACATGTGCGCCGTGATTGACGGGAACTCAACGACCTTCGAACACCAGCAGCCGTTGCAAGACCGGATGTTCAAATTT GAACTCACCCGCCGTCTGGATCATGACTTTGGGAAGGTCACCAAGCAGGAAGTCAAAGACTTTTTCCGGTGGGCAAAGGATCACGTGGTTGAGGTGGAGCATGA ATTCTACGTCAAAAAGGGTGGAGCCAAGAAAAGACCCGCCCCCAGTGACGCAGATATAAGTGAGCCCAAACGGGTGCGCGAGTCAGTTGCGCAGCCATCGACG TCAGACGCGGAAGCTTCGATCAACTACGCAGACAGGTACCAAAACAAATGTTCTCGTCACGTGGGCATGAATCTGATGCTGTTTCCCTGCAGACAATGCGAGAGA ATGAATCAGAATTCAAATATCTGCTTCACTCACGGACAGAAAGACTGTTTAGAGTGCTTTCCCGTGTCAGAATCTCAACCCGTTTCTGTCGTCAAAAAGGCGTATC AGAAACTGTGCTACATTCATCATATCATGGGAAAGGTGCCAGACGCTTGCACTGCCTGCGATCTGGTCAATGTGGATTTGGATGACTGCATCTTTGAACAATAAAT GATTTAAATCAGGTATGGCTGCCGATGGTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACAACCTCTCTGAGGGCATTCGCGAGTGGTGGGACTTGAAACCTGGAGCCCCGA AGCCCAAAGCCAACCAGCAAAAGCAGGACGACGGCCGGGGTCTGGTGCTTCCTGGCTACAAGTACCTCGGACCCTTCAACGGACTCGACAAGGGGGAGCCCGT CAACGCGGCGGACGCAGCGGCCCTCGAGCACGACAAGGCCTACGACCAGCAGCTCAAAGCGGGTGACAATCCGTACCTGCGGTATAACCACGCCGACGCCGAG TTTCAGGAGCGTCTGCAAGAAGATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAACCTCGGGCGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAGAAGCGGGTTCTCGAACCTCTCGGTCTGGTTGAGGA AGGCGCTAAGACGGCTCCTGGAAAGAAACGTCCGGTAGAGCAGTCGCCACAAGAGCCAGACTCCTCCTCGGGCATCGGCAAGACAGGCCAGCAGCCCGCTAA AAAGAGACTCAATTTTGGTCAGACTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTCCCCGATCCACAACCTCTCGGAGAACCTCCAGCAGCCCCCTCAGGTCTGGGACCTAATACAA TGGCTTCAGGCGGTGGCGCTCCAATGGCAGACAATAACGAAGGCGCCGACGGAGTGGGTAATTCCTCGGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACATGGCTGGGGGA CAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCCGAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACCTACAACAACCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAACGGCACCTCGGGAGGAAGCACCAACGAC AACACCTATTTTGGCTACAGCACCCCCTGGGGGTATTTTGACTTCAACAGATTCCACTGTCACTTTTCACCACGTGACTGGCAACGACTCATCAACAACAATTGG GGATTCCGGCCCAAAAGACTCAACTTCAAGCTGTTCAACATCCAGGTCAAGGAAGTCACGACGAACGAAGGCACCAAGACCATCGCCAATAATCTCACCAGCA CCGTGCAGGTCTTTACGGACTCGGAGTACCAGTTACCGTACGTGCTAGGATCCGCTCACCAGGGATGTCTGCCTCCGTTCCCGGCGGACGTCTTCATGGTTCCTCA GTACGGCTATTTAACTTTAAACAATGGAAGCCAAGCCCTGGGACGTTCCTCCTTCTACTGTCTGGAGTATTTCCCATCGCAGATGCTGAGAACCGGCAACAACTT TCAGTTCAGCTACACCTTCGAGGACGTGCCTTTCCACAGCAGCTACGCGCACAGCCAGAGCCTGGACAGGCTGATGAATCCCCTCATCGACCAGTACCTGTACT ACCTGGTCAGAACGCAAACGACTGGAACTGGAGGGACGCAGACTCTGGCATTCAGCCAAGCGGGTCCTAGCTCAATGGCCAACCAGGCTAGAAATTGGGTGC CCGGACCTTGCTACCGGCAGCAGCGCGTCTCCACGACAACCAACCAGAACAACAACAGCAACTTTGCCTGGACGGGAGCTGCCAAGTTTAAGCTGAACGGCCG AGACTCTCTAATGAATCCGGGCGTGGCAATGGCTTCCCACAAGGATGACGACGACCGCTTCTTCCCTTCGAGCGGGGTCCTGATTTTTGGCAAGCAAGGAGCCG GGAACGATGGAGTGGATTACAGCCAAGTGCTGATTACAGATGAGGAAGAAATCAAGGCTACCAACCCCGTGGCCACAGAAGAATATGGAGCAGTGGCCATCAA CAACCAGGCCGCCAATACGCAGGCGCAGACCGGACTCGTGCACAACCAGGGGGTGATTCCCGGCATGGTGTGGCAGAATAGAGACGTGTACCTGCAGGGTCCC ATCTGGGCCAAAATTCCTCACACGGACGGCAACTTTCACCCGTCTCCCCTGATGGGCGGCTTTGGACTGAAGCACCCGCCTCCTCAAATTCTCATCAAGAACAC ACCGGTTCCAGCGGACCCGCCGCTTACCTTCAACCAGGCCAAGCTGAACTCTTTCATCACGCAGTACAGCACCGGACAGGTCAGCGTGGAAATCGAGTGGGAG CTGCAGAAAGAAAACAGCAAACGCTGGAATCCAGAGATTCAATACACTTCCAACTACTACAAATCTACAAATGTGGACTTTGCTGTCAACACGGAGGGGGTTTA TAGCGAGCCTCGCCCCATTGGCACCCGTTACCTCACCCGCAACCTGTAA - [Validated Target Region Sequence against Mouse Component 3 (C3)](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-sequence-against-mouse-component-3-c3/) - # 1. CCATCAAGATTCCAGCCAGTA # 2. CCAGAGTTTATTCCTTCATTT # 3. ACGGGACAGCCTTCGTGATTT - [Validated Target Region for Mouse Elongation Factor RNA Polymerase II](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-for-mouse-elongation-factor-rna-polymerase-ii/) - GCTCTGATGAGTACGAGACAAC - [SM22α Promoter / Enhancer](https://signagen.com/blog/sm22α-promoter-enhancer/) - aaggggaacgtgaggaaggcgtttggatagtgcctggttgcggccaggctgcagtcaagactagttcccaccaactcgattttaaagccttgcaagaaggtggcttgtttgtcccttgcaggttccttt gctcgggccaaactctagaatgcctccccctttctttctcattgaagagcagacccaagtccgggtaacaaggaagggtttcagggtcctgcccataaaaggtttttcccggccgccctcagcaccgcccc gccccgacccccgcagcatctccaaagcatgcagagaatgtctccggctgcccccgacagactgctccaacttggtgtctttccccaaatatggagcctgtgtggagtgagtggggcggcccggggtg gtgagccaagcagacttccatgggcagggaggggcgccacggggcggcagaggggtgacatcactgcctaggcggcctttaaacccctcacccagccggcgccccggcccgtctgccccagccca gacaccgaagctactctccttccagtccacaaacgaccaagccttgtaagtgcaagtcatgggagcagaagggctgtgggctcaatt - [Poor Efficiency of PCR](https://signagen.com/blog/poor-efficiency-of-pcr/) - The efficiency of any PCR can be evaluated by performing a dilution series experiment using the target assay. We recommend a 10-fold dilution series. After properly setting the baseline and threshold, the slope of the standard curve can be translated into an efficiency value: Slope of standard curve indicates PCR efficiency. The efficiency of the - [Validated Mouse EZH2 Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-mouse-ezh2-target-region-sequence/) - gcgtataaagacaccacctaa - [AAV(PHP.S)-Syn-jGCaMP7s-WPRE Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavphp-s-syn-jgcamp7s-wpre-ready-to-package/) - [What Is ROX And Why Use It In qPCR?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-rox-and-why-use-it-in-qpcr/) - To ROX or not to ROX? That is the question. I frequently see people confused about what ROX is and why it is used in qPCR. For very sensitive PCR instruments, any slight difference in the detection path will be exponentially scaled. We accumulated more than 10 years of experience in fiber processing, can effectively - [Top 10 Tips for Consistent qPCR](https://signagen.com/blog/top-10-tips-for-consistent-qpcr/) - qPCR requires a certain amount of technical finesse to ensure consistent data across experiments. The main challenges encountered when starting out with this technique are contamination issues or inconsistency between replicates. The cost of running qPCR is much higher than end-point PCR, so getting every experiment right may also be critical for your lab budget. - [How Well can WPRE Enhance Transgene Expression?](https://signagen.com/blog/how-well-can-wpre-enhance-transgene-expression/) - Addition of the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) to the NSE and PPE constructs improved expression levels by up to a further 10-fold in vitro and in vivo. WPRE is a DNA sequence that, when transcribed, creates a tertiary structure enhancing transgene expression. Insertion of the WPRE in the 3′ untranslated region of coding sequences carried by - [AAV3 VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav3-vp1-2/) - atggctgctgacggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctttctgaaggcattcgtgagtggtgggctctgaaacctggagtccctcaacccaaagcgaaccaacaacaccaggacaaccgtcg gggtcttgtgcttccgggttacaaatacctcggacccggtaacggactcgacaaaggagagccggtcaacgaggcggacgcggcagccctcgaacacgacaaagcttacgaccagcagctcaagg ccggtgacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtcttcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaaccttggcagagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggatccttg agcctcttggtctggttgaggaagcagctaaaacggctcctggaaagaagggggctgtagatcagtctcctcaggaaccggactcatcatctggtgttggcaaatcgggcaaacagcctgccaga aaaagactaaatttcggtcagactggagactcagagtcagtcccagaccctcaacctctcggagaaccaccagcagcccccacaagtttgggatctaatacaatggcttcaggcggtggcgcacca atggcagacaataacgagggtgccgatggagtgggtaattcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcaccagaacctgggccctgcccactta caacaaccatctctacaagcaaatctccagccaatcaggagcttcaaacgacaaccactactttggctacagcaccccttgggggtattttgactttaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtga ctggcagcgactcattaacaacaactggggattccggcccaagaaactcagcttcaagctcttcaacatccaagttagaggggtcacgcagaacgatggcacgacgactattgccaataacctta ccagcacggttcaagtgtttacggactcggagtatcagctcccgtacgtgctcgggtcggcgcaccaaggctgtctcccgccgtttccagcggacgtcttcatggtccctcagtatggatacctcac cctgaacaacggaagtcaagcggtgggacgctcatccttttactgcctggagtacttcccttcgcagatgctaaggactggaaataacttccaattcagctataccttcgaggatgtaccttttca cagcagctacgctcacagccagagtttggatcgcttgatgaatcctcttattgatcagtatctgtactacctgaacagaacgcaaggaacaacctctggaacaaccaaccaatcacggctgcttt ttagccaggctgggcctcagtctatgtctttgcaggccagaaattggctacctgggccctgctaccggcaacagagactttcaaagactgctaacgacaacaacaacagtaactttccttggaca gcggccagcaaatatcatctcaatggccgcgactcgctggtgaatccaggaccagctatggccagtcacaaggacgatgaagaaaaatttttccctatgcacggcaatctaatatttggcaaaga agggacaacggcaagtaacgcagaattagataatgtaatgattacggatgaagaagagattcgtaccaccaatcctgtggcaacagagcagtatggaactgtggcaaataacttgcagagctc aaatacagctcccacgactggaactgtcaatcatcagggggccttacctggcatggtgtggcaagatcgtgacgtgtaccttcaaggacctatctgggcaaagattcctcacacggatggacactt tcatccttctcctctgatgggaggctttggactgaaacatccgcctcctcaaatcatgatcaaaaatactccggtaccggcaaatcctccgacgactttcagcccggccaagtttgcttcatttatcact cagtactccactggacaggtcagcgtggaaattgagtgggagctacagaaagaaaacagcaaacgttggaatccagagattcagtacacttccaactacaacaagtctgttaatgtggacttt actgtagacactaatggtgtttatagtgaacctcgccctattggaacccggtatctcacacgaaacttgtga - [AAV-GFAP-GFP-shRNAmir(ADK) Targeting ADK Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-gfap-gfp-shrnamiradk-targeting-adk-ready-to-package/) - [A Validated Target Region Against Mouse Tyrosine Hydroxylase (Th)](https://signagen.com/blog/a-validated-target-region-against-mouse-tyrosine-hydroxylase-th/) - AACGGTACTGTGGCTACCGAG - [A Validated Target Region Against Mouse TAZ](https://signagen.com/blog/a-validated-target-region-against-mouse-taz/) - cagccgaatctcgcaatgaat - [AAV-Syn-GCaMP6f Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-syn-gcamp6f-ready-to-package/) - [Sequences required for coordinate induction of adeno-associated virus p19 and p40 promoters by Rep protein.](https://signagen.com/blog/sequences-required-for-coordinate-induction-of-adeno-associated-virus-p19-and-p40-promoters-by-rep-protein/) - A series of contiguous 30-bp deletions were introduced into the regions upstream of the p19 and p40 promoters of adeno-associated virus (AAV), and the effects of these deletions on induction of AAV transcription by the rep gene products was evaluated. A novel complementation system was devised for supplying wild-type Rep protein when mutations disrupted the - [AAV1-CMV-TurboGFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav1-cmv-turbogfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV9-CAG-GFP-T2A-FLPo Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-cag-gfp-t2a-flpo-ready-to-package/) - [AAV3 VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav3-vp1/) - atggctgctgacggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctttctgaaggcattcgtgagtggtgggctctgaaacctggagtccctcaacccaaagcgaaccaacaacaccaggacaacc gtcggggtcttgtgcttccgggttacaaatacctcggacccggtaacggactcgacaaaggagagccggtcaacgaggcggacgcggcagccctcgaacacgacaaagcttacgaccagca gctcaaggccggtgacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtcttcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaaccttggcagagcagtcttccaggccaaaaa gaggatccttgagcctcttggtctggttgaggaagcagctaaaacggctcctggaaagaagggggctgtagatcagtctcctcaggaaccggactcatcatctggtgttggcaaatcgggca aacagcctgccagaaaaagactaaatttcggtcagactggagactcagagtcagtcccagaccctcaacctctcggagaaccaccagcagcccccacaagtttgggatctaatacaatggcttc aggcggtggcgcaccaatggcagacaataacgagggtgccgatggagtgggtaattcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcaccaga acctgggccctgcccacttacaacaaccatctctacaagcaaatctccagccaatcaggagcttcaaacgacaaccactactttggctacagcaccccttgggggtattttgactttaacagattc cactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcattaacaacaactggggattccggcccaagaaactcagcttcaagctcttcaacatccaagttagaggggtcacgcagaacgatggcac gacgactattgccaataaccttaccagcacggttcaagtgtttacggactcggagtatcagctcccgtacgtgctcgggtcggcgcaccaaggctgtctcccgccgtttccagcggacgtcttcat ggtccctcagtatggatacctcaccctgaacaacggaagtcaagcggtgggacgctcatccttttactgcctggagtacttcccttcgcagatgctaaggactggaaataacttccaattcagct ataccttcgaggatgtaccttttcacagcagctacgctcacagccagagtttggatcgcttgatgaatcctcttattgatcagtatctgtactacctgaacagaacgcaaggaacaacctctggaa caaccaaccaatcacggctgctttttagccaggctgggcctcagtctatgtctttgcaggccagaaattggctacctgggccctgctaccggcaacagagactttcaaagactgctaacgacaac aacaacagtaactttccttggacagcggccagcaaatatcatctcaatggccgcgactcgctggtgaatccaggaccagctatggccagtcacaaggacgatgaagaaaaatttttccctatgc acggcaatctaatatttggcaaagaagggacaacggcaagtaacgcagaattagataatgtaatgattacggatgaagaagagattcgtaccaccaatcctgtggcaacagagcagtatgg aactgtggcaaataacttgcagagctcaaatacagctcccacgactggaactgtcaatcatcagggggccttacctggcatggtgtggcaagatcgtgacgtgtaccttcaaggacctatctgg gcaaagattcctcacacggatggacactttcatccttctcctctgatgggaggctttggactgaaacatccgcctcctcaaatcatgatcaaaaatactccggtaccggcaaatcctccgacgact ttcagcccggccaagtttgcttcatttatcactcagtactccactggacaggtcagcgtggaaattgagtgggagctacagaaagaaaacagcaaacgttggaatccagagattcagtacact tccaactacaacaagtctgttaatgtggactttactgtagacactaatggtgtttatagtgaacctcgccctattggaacccggtatctcacacgaaacttgtga - [AAV9 VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-vp1-sequence/) - ATGGCTGCCGATGGTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACAACCTTAGTGAAGGAATTCGCGAGTGGTGGGCTTTGAAACCTGGAGCCCCTCAACCCAAGG CAAATCAACAACATCAAGACAACGCTCGAGGTCTTGTGCTTCCGGGTTACAAATACCTTGGACCCGGCAACGGACTCGACAAGGGGGAGCCGGTCAACG CAGCAGACGCGGCGGCCCTCGAGCACGACAAGGCCTACGACCAGCAGCTCAAGGCCGGAGACAACCCGTACCTCAAGTACAACCACGCCGACGCCGAG TTCCAGGAGCGGCTCAAAGAAGATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAACCTCGGGCGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAAAAGAGGCTTCTTGAACCTCTTGGTCTGGTT GAGGAAGCGGCTAAGACGGCTCCTGGAAAGAAGAGGCCTGTAGAGCAGTCTCCTCAGGAACCGGACTCCTCCGCGGGTATTGGCAAATCGGGTGCACA GCCCGCTAAAAAGAGACTCAATTTCGGTCAGACTGGCGACACAGAGTCAGTCCCAGACCCTCAACCAATCGGAGAACCTCCCGCAGCCCCCTCAGGTGT GGGATCTCTTACAATGGCTTCAGGTGGTGGCGCACCAGTGGCAGACAATAACGAAGGTGCCGATGGAGTGGGTAGTTCCTCGGGAAATTGGCATTGCGA TTCCCAATGGCTGGGGGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCCGAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACCTACAACAATCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAACAGCACA TCTGGAGGATCTTCAAATGACAACGCCTACTTCGGCTACAGCACCCCCTGGGGGTATTTTGACTTCAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTCTCACCACGTGACTG GCAGCGACTCATCAACAACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCTAAGCGACTCAACTTCAAGCTCTTCAACATTCAGGTCAAAGAGGTTACGGACAACAATGGAGT CAAGACCATCGCCAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTCCAGGTCTTCACGGACTCAGACTATCAGCTCCCGTACGTGCTCGGGTCGGCTCACGAGGGCTGCCTCC CGCCGTTCCCAGCGGACGTTTTCATGATTCCTCAGTACGGGTATCTGACGCTTAATGATGGAAGCCAGGCCGTGGGTCGTTCGTCCTTTTACTGCCTGGAAT ATTTCCCGTCGCAAATGCTAAGAACGGGTAACAACTTCCAGTTCAGCTACGAGTTTGAGAACGTACCTTTCCATAGCAGCTACGCTCACAGCCAAAGCCTG GACCGACTAATGAATCCACTCATCGACCAATACTTGTACTATCTCTCAAAGACTATTAACGGTTCTGGACAGAATCAACAAACGCTAAAATTCAGTGTGGC CGGACCCAGCAACATGGCTGTCCAGGGAAGAAACTACATACCTGGACCCAGCTACCGACAACAACGTGTCTCAACCACTGTGACTCAAAACAACAACAG CGAATTTGCTTGGCCTGGAGCTTCTTCTTGGGCTCTCAATGGACGTAATAGCTTGATGAATCCTGGACCTGCTATGGCCAGCCACAAAGAAGGAGAGGACC GTTTCTTTCCTTTGTCTGGATCTTTAATTTTTGGCAAACAAGGAACTGGAAGAGACAACGTGGATGCGGACAAAGTCATGATAACCAACGAAGAAGAAAT TAAAACTACTAACCCGGTAGCAACGGAGTCCTATGGACAAGTGGCCACAAACCACCAGAGTGCCCAAGCACAGGCGCAGACCGGCTGGGTTCAAAACCA AGGAATACTTCCGGGTATGGTTTGGCAGGACAGAGATGTGTACCTGCAAGGACCCATTTGGGCCAAAATTCCTCACACGGACGGCAACTTTCACCCTTCT CCGCTGATGGGAGGGTTTGGAATGAAGCACCCGCCTCCTCAGATCCTCATCAAAAACACACCTGTACCTGCGGATCCTCCAACGGCCTTCAACAAGGACA AGCTGAACTCTTTCATCACCCAGTATTCTACTGGCCAAGTCAGCGTGGAGATCGAGTGGGAGCTGCAGAAGGAAAACAGCAAGCGCTGGAACCCGGAGAT CCAGTACACTTCCAACTATTACAAGTCTAATAATGTTGAATTTGCTGTTAATACTGAAGGTGTATATAGTGAACCCCGCCCCATTGGCACCAGATACCTGACT CGTAATCTGTAA - [AAV5 VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-vp1-sequence/) - atgtcttttgttgatcaccctccagattggttggaagaagttggtgaaggtcttcgcgagtttttgggccttgaagcgggcccaccgaaaccaaaacccaatcagcagcatcaagatcaagcccgtg gtcttgtgctgcctggttataactatctcggacccggaaacggtctcgatcgaggagagcctgtcaacagggcagacgaggtcgcgcgagagcacgacatctcgtacaacgagcagcttgagg cgggagacaacccctacctcaagtacaaccacgcggacgccgagtttcaggagaagctcgccgacgacacatccttcgggggaaacctcggaaaggcagtctttcaggccaagaaaagggttc tcgaaccttttggcctggttgaagagggtgctaagacggcccctaccggaaagcggatagacgaccactttccaaaaagaaagaaggctcggaccgaagaggactccaagccttccacctcgtc agacgccgaagctggacccagcggatcccagcagctgcaaatcccagcccaaccagcctcaagtttgggagctgatacaatgtctgcgggaggtggcggcccattgggcgacaataaccaagg tgccgatggagtgggcaatgcctcgggagattggcattgcgattccacgtggatgggggacagagtcgtcaccaagtccacccgaacctgggtgctgcccagctacaacaaccaccagtaccg agagatcaaaagcggctccgtcgacggaagcaacgccaacgcctactttggatacagcaccccctgggggtactttgactttaaccgcttccacagccactggagcccccgagactggcaaaga ctcatcaacaactactggggcttcagaccccggtccctcagagtcaaaatcttcaacattcaagtcaaagaggtcacggtgcaggactccaccaccaccatcgccaacaacctcacctccaccgtc caagtgtttacggacgacgactaccagctgccctacgtcgtcggcaacgggaccgagggatgcctgccggccttccctccgcaggtctttacgctgccgcagtacggttacgcgacgctgaac cgcgacaacacagaaaatcccaccgagaggagcagcttcttctgcctagagtactttcccagcaagatgctgagaacgggcaacaactttgagtttacctacaactttgaggaggtgcccttc cactccagcttcgctcccagtcagaacctgttcaagctggccaacccgctggtggaccagtacttgtaccgcttcgtgagcacaaataacactggcggagtccagttcaacaagaacctggccg ggagatacgccaacacctacaaaaactggttcccggggcccatgggccgaacccagggctggaacctgggctccggggtcaaccgcgccagtgtcagcgccttcgccacgaccaataggat ggagctcgagggcgcgagttaccaggtgcccccgcagccgaacggcatgaccaacaacctccagggcagcaacacctatgccctggagaacactatgatcttcaacagccagccggcgaac ccgggcaccaccgccacgtacctcgagggcaacatgctcatcaccagcgagagcgagacgcagccggtgaaccgcgtggcgtacaacgtcggcgggcagatggccaccaacaaccagagc tccaccactgcccccgcgaccggcacgtacaacctccaggaaatcgtgcccggcagcgtgtggatggagagggacgtgtacctccaaggacccatctgggccaagatcccagagacgggg gcgcactttcacccctctccggccatgggcggattcggactcaaacacccaccgcccatgatgctcatcaagaacacgcctgtgcccggaaatatcaccagcttctcggacgtgcccgtcagca gcttcatcacccagtacagcaccgggcaggtcaccgtggagatggagtgggagctcaagaaggaaaactccaagaggtggaacccagagatccagtacacaaacaactacaacgaccccc agtttgtggactttgccccggacagcaccggggaatacagaaccaccagacctatcggaacccgataccttacccgacccctttaa - [AAV1 VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav1-vp1-sequence/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacttgaaacctggagccccgaagcccaaagccaaccagcaaaagcaggacg acggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgacca gcagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggcc aagaagcgggttctcgaacctctcggtctggttgaggaaggcgctaagacggctcctggaaagaaacgtccggtagagcagtcgccacaagagccagactcctcctcgggcatcggcaag acaggccagcagcccgctaaaaagagactcaattttggtcagactggcgactcagagtcagtccccgatccacaacctctcggagaacctccagcaacccccgctgctgtgggacctactaca atggcttcaggcggtggcgcaccaatggcagacaataacgaaggcgccgacggagtgggtaatgcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccac cagcacccgcacctgggccttgcccacctacaataaccacctctacaagcaaatctccagtgcttcaacgggggccagcaacgacaaccactacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtatttt gatttcaacagattccactgccacttttcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaattggggattccggcccaagagactcaacttcaaactcttcaacatccaagtcaaggaggtca cgacgaatgatggcgtcacaaccatcgctaataaccttaccagcacggttcaagtcttctcggactcggagtaccagcttccgtacgtcctcggctctgcgcaccagggctgcctccctccgttcc cggcggacgtgttcatgattccgcaatacggctacctgacgctcaacaatggcagccaagccgtgggacgttcatccttttactgcctggaatatttcccttctcagatgctgagaacgggcaa caactttaccttcagctacacctttgaggaagtgcctttccacagcagctacgcgcacagccagagcctggaccggctgatgaatcctctcatcgaccaatacctgtattacctgaacagaactc aaaatcagtccggaagtgcccaaaacaaggacttgctgtttagccgtgggtctccagctggcatgtctgttcagcccaaaaactggctacctggaccctgttatcggcagcagcgcgtttctaa aacaaaaacagacaacaacaacagcaattttacctggactggtgcttcaaaatataacctcaatgggcgtgaatccatcatcaaccctggcactgctatggcctcacacaaagacgacgaag acaagttctttcccatgagcggtgtcatgatttttggaaaagagagcgccggagcttcaaacactgcattggacaatgtcatgattacagacgaagaggaaattaaagccactaaccctgtg gccaccgaaagatttgggaccgtggcagtcaatttccagagcagcagcacagaccctgcgaccggagatgtgcatgctatgggagcattacctggcatggtgtggcaagatagagacgtg tacctgcagggtcccatttgggccaaaattcctcacacagatggacactttcacccgtctcctcttatgggcggctttggactcaagaacccgcctcctcagatcctcatcaaaaacacgcctgtt cctgcgaatcctccggcggagttttcagctacaaagtttgcttcattcatcacccaatactccacaggacaagtgagtgtggaaattgaatgggagctgcagaaagaaaacagcaagcgctg gaatcccgaagtgcagtacacatccaattatgcaaaatctgccaacgttgattttactgtggacaacaatggactttatactgagcctcgccccattggcacccgttaccttacccgtcccctgtaa - [AAV6 VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav6-vp1-sequence/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacttgaaacctggagccccgaaacccaaagccaaccagcaaaagcaggacga cggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggatgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccag cagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggcca agaagagggttctcgaaccttttggtctggttgaggaaggtgctaagacggctcctggaaagaaacgtccggtagagcagtcgccacaagagccagactcctcctcgggcattggcaaga caggccagcagcccgctaaaaagagactcaattttggtcagactggcgactcagagtcagtccccgacccacaacctctcggagaacctccagcaacccccgctgctgtgggacctactaca atggcttcaggcggtggcgcaccaatggcagacaataacgaaggcgccgacggagtgggtaatgcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccac cagcacccgaacatgggccttgcccacctataacaaccacctctacaagcaaatctccagtgcttcaacgggggccagcaacgacaaccactacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtatttt gatttcaacagattccactgccatttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaattggggattccggcccaagagactcaacttcaagctcttcaacatccaagtcaaggaggtc acgacgaatgatggcgtcacgaccatcgctaataaccttaccagcacggttcaagtcttctcggactcggagtaccagttgccgtacgtcctcggctctgcgcaccagggctgcctccctccgt tcccggcggacgtgttcatgattccgcagtacggctacctaacgctcaacaatggcagccaggcagtgggacggtcatccttttactgcctggaatatttcccatcgcagatgctgagaacg ggcaataactttaccttcagctacaccttcgaggacgtgcctttccacagcagctacgcgcacagccagagcctggaccggctgatgaatcctctcatcgaccagtacctgtattacctgaaca gaactcagaatcagtccggaagtgcccaaaacaaggacttgctgtttagccgggggtctccagctggcatgtctgttcagcccaaaaactggctacctggaccctgttaccggcagcagcg cgtttctaaaacaaaaacagacaacaacaacagcaactttacctggactggtgcttcaaaatataaccttaatgggcgtgaatctataatcaaccctggcactgctatggcctcacacaaag acgacaaagacaagttctttcccatgagcggtgtcatgatttttggaaaggagagcgccggagcttcaaacactgcattggacaatgtcatgatcacagacgaagaggaaatcaaagcc actaaccccgtggccaccgaaagatttgggactgtggcagtcaatctccagagcagcagcacagaccctgcgaccggagatgtgcatgttatgggagccttacctggaatggtgtggca agacagagacgtatacctgcagggtcctatttgggccaaaattcctcacacggatggacactttcacccgtctcctctcatgggcggctttggacttaagcacccgcctcctcagatcctc atcaaaaacacgcctgttcctgcgaatcctccggcagagttttcggctacaaagtttgcttcattcatcacccagtattccacaggacaagtgagcgtggagattgaatgggagctgcag aaagaaaacagcaaacgctggaatcccgaagtgcagtatacatctaactatgcaaaatctgccaacgttgatttcactgtggacaacaatggactttatactgagcctcgccccattgg cacccgttacctcacccgtcccctgtaa - [AAV 3B, VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-3b-vp1/) - ATGGCTGCTGACGGTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACAACCTTTCTGAAGGCATTCGTGAGTGGTGGGCTCTGAAACCTGGAGTCCCTCAACCCAAAG CGAACCAACAACACCAGGACAACCGTCGGGGTCTTGTGCTTCCGGGTTACAAATACCTCGGACCCGGTAACGGACTCGACAAAGGAGAGCCGGTCAACG AGGCGGACGCGGCAGCCCTCGAACACGACAAAGCTTACGACCAGCAGCTCAAGGCCGGTGACAACCCGTACCTCAAGTACAACCACGCCGACGCCGAG TTTCAGGAGCGTCTTCAAGAAGATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAACCTTGGCAGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAAAAGAGGATCCTTGAGCCTCTTGGTCTGGTT GAGGAAGCAGCTAAAACGGCTCCTGGAAAGAAGAGGCCTGTAGATCAGTCTCCTCAGGAACCGGACTCATCATCTGGTGTTGGCAAATCGGGCAAACA GCCTGCCAGAAAAAGACTAAATTTCGGTCAGACTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTCCCAGACCCTCAACCTCTCGGAGAACCACCAGCAGCCCCCACAAGTTT GGGATCTAATACAATGGCTTCAGGCGGTGGCGCACCAATGGCAGACAATAACGAGGGTGCCGATGGAGTGGGTAATTCCTCAGGAAATTGGCATTGCG ATTCCCAATGGCTGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCAGAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACTTACAACAACCATCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAGCCAAT CAGGAGCTTCAAACGACAACCACTACTTTGGCTACAGCACCCCTTGGGGGTATTTTGACTTTAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCA GCGACTCATTAACAACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAAACTCAGCTTCAAGCTCTTCAACATCCAAGTTAAAGAGGTCACGCAGAACGATGGCACGA CGACTATTGCCAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTCAAGTGTTTACGGACTCGGAGTATCAGCTCCCGTACGTGCTCGGGTCGGCGCACCAAGGCTGTCTCCC GCCGTTTCCAGCGGACGTCTTCATGGTCCCTCAGTATGGATACCTCACCCTGAACAACGGAAGTCAAGCGGTGGGACGCTCATCCTTTTACTGCCTGGAGT ACTTCCCTTCGCAGATGCTAAGGACTGGAAATAACTTCCAATTCAGCTATACCTTCGAGGATGTACCTTTTCACAGCAGCTACGCTCACAGCCAGAGTTT GGATCGCTTGATGAATCCTCTTATTGATCAGTATCTGTACTACCTGAACAGAACGCAAGGAACAACCTCTGGAACAACCAACCAATCACGGCTGCTTTT TAGCCAGGCTGGGCCTCAGTCTATGTCTTTGCAGGCCAGAAATTGGCTACCTGGGCCCTGCTACCGGCAACAGAGACTTTCAAAGACTGCTAACGACAA CAACAACAGTAACTTTCCTTGGACAGCGGCCAGCAAATATCATCTCAATGGCCGCGACTCGCTGGTGAATCCAGGACCAGCTATGGCCAGTCACAAGGA CGATGAAGAAAAATTTTTCCCTATGCACGGCAATCTAATATTTGGCAAAGAAGGGACAACGGCAAGTAACGCAGAATTAGATAATGTAATGATTACGG ATGAAGAAGAGATTCGTACCACCAATCCTGTGGCAACAGAGCAGTATGGAACTGTGGCAAATAACTTGCAGAGCTCAAATACAGCTCCCACGACTAGA ACTGTCAATGATCAGGGGGCCTTACCTGGCATGGTGTGGCAAGATCGTGACGTGTACCTTCAAGGACCTATCTGGGCAAAGATTCCTCACACGGATGGA CACTTTCATCCTTCTCCTCTGATGGGAGGCTTTGGACTGAAACATCCGCCTCCTCAAATCATGATCAAAAATACTCCGGTACCGGCAAATCCTCCGACGA CTTTCAGCCCGGCCAAGTTTGCTTCATTTATCACTCAGTACTCCACTGGACAGGTCAGCGTGGAAATTGAGTGGGAGCTACAGAAAGAAAACAGCAAA CGTTGGAATCCAGAGATTCAGTACACTTCCAACTACAACAAGTCTGTTAATGTGGACTTTACTGTAGACACTAATGGTGTTTATAGTGAACCTCGCCCTAT TGGAACCCGGTATCTCACACGAAACTTGTAA - [AAV 3B, complete genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-3b-complete-genome/) - TGGCCACTCCCTCTATGCGCACTCGCTCGCTCGGTGGGGCCTGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCA GACGGACGTGCTTTGCACGTCCGGCCCCACCGAGCGAGCGAGTGCGCATAGAGGGAGTGG CCAACTCCATCACTAGAGGTATGGCAGTGACGTAACGCGAAGCGCGCGAAGCGAGACCAC GCCTACCAGCTGCGTCAGCAGTCAGGTGACCCTTTTGCGACAGTTTGCGACACCACGTGG CCGCTGAGGGTATATATTCTCGAGTGAGCGAACCAGGAGCTCCATTTTGACCGCGAAATT TGAACGAGCAGCAGCCATGCCGGGGTTCTACGAGATTGTCCTGAAGGTCCCGAGTGACCT GGACGAGCACCTGCCGGGCATTTCTAACTCGTTTGTTAACTGGGTGGCCGAGAAGGAATG GGAGCTGCCGCCGGATTCTGACATGGATCCGAATCTGATTGAGCAGGCACCCCTGACCGT GGCCGAAAAGCTTCAGCGCGAGTTCCTGGTGGAGTGGCGCCGCGTGAGTAAGGCCCCGGA GGCCCTCTTTTTTGTCCAGTTCGAAAAGGGGGAGACCTACTTCCACCTGCACGTGCTGAT TGAGACCATCGGGGTCAAATCCATGGTGGTCGGCCGCTACGTGAGCCAGATTAAAGAGAA GCTGGTGACCCGCATCTACCGCGGGGTCGAGCCGCAGCTTCCGAACTGGTTCGCGGTGAC CAAAACGCGAAATGGCGCCGGGGGCGGGAACAAGGTGGTGGACGACTGCTACATCCCCAA CTACCTGCTCCCCAAGACCCAGCCCGAGCTCCAGTGGGCGTGGACTAACATGGACCAGTA TTTAAGCGCCTGTTTGAATCTCGCGGAGCGTAAACGGCTGGTGGCGCAGCATCTGACGCA CGTGTCGCAGACGCAGGAGCAGAACAAAGAGAATCAGAACCCCAATTCTGACGCGCCGGT CATCAGGTCAAAAACCTCAGCCAGGTACATGGAGCTGGTCGGGTGGCTGGTGGACCGCGG GATCACGTCAGAAAAGCAATGGATTCAGGAGGACCAGGCCTCGTACATCTCCTTCAACGC CGCCTCCAACTCGCGGTCCCAGATCAAGGCCGCGCTGGACAATGCCTCCAAGATCATGAG CCTGACAAAGACGGCTCCGGACTACCTGGTGGGCAGCAACCCGCCGGAGGACATTACCAA AAATCGGATCTACCAAATCCTGGAGCTGAACGGGTACGATCCGCAGTACGCGGCCTCCGT CTTCCTGGGCTGGGCGCAAAAGAAGTTCGGGAAGAGGAACACCATCTGGCTCTTTGGGCC GGCCACGACGGGTAAAACCAACATCGCGGAAGCCATCGCCCACGCCGTGCCCTTCTACGG CTGCGTAAACTGGACCAATGAGAACTTTCCCTTCAACGATTGCGTCGACAAGATGGTGAT CTGGTGGGAGGAGGGCAAGATGACGGCCAAGGTCGTGGAGAGCGCCAAGGCCATTCTGGG CGGAAGCAAGGTGCGCGTGGACCAAAAGTGCAAGTCATCGGCCCAGATCGAACCCACTCC CGTGATCGTCACCTCCAACACCAACATGTGCGCCGTGATTGACGGGAACAGCACCACCTT CGAGCATCAGCAGCCGCTGCAGGACCGGATGTTTAAATTTGAACTTACCCGCCGTTTGGA CCATGACTTTGGGAAGGTCACCAAACAGGAAGTAAAGGACTTTTTCCGGTGGGCTTCCGA TCACGTGACTGACGTGGCTCATGAGTTCTACGTCAGAAAGGGTGGAGCTAAGAAACGCCC CGCCTCCAATGACGCGGATGTAAGCGAGCCAAAACGGCAGTGCACGTCACTTGCGCAGCC GACAACGTCAGACGCGGAAGCACCGGCGGACTACGCGGACAGGTACCAAAACAAATGTTC TCGTCACGTGGGCATGAATCTGATGCTTTTTCCCTGTAAAACATGCGAGAGAATGAATCA AATTTCCAATGTCTGTTTTACGCATGGTCAAAGAGACTGTGGGGAATGCTTCCCTGGAAT GTCAGAATCTCAACCCGTTTCTGTCGTCAAAAAGAAGACTTATCAGAAACTGTGTCCAAT TCATCATATCCTGGGAAGGGCACCCGAGATTGCCTGTTCGGCCTGCGATTTGGCCAATGT GGACTTGGATGACTGTGTTTCTGAGCAATAAATGACTTAAACCAGGTATGGCTGCTGACG GTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACAACCTTTCTGAAGGCATTCGTGAGTGGTGGGCTC TGAAACCTGGAGTCCCTCAACCCAAAGCGAACCAACAACACCAGGACAACCGTCGGGGTC TTGTGCTTCCGGGTTACAAATACCTCGGACCCGGTAACGGACTCGACAAAGGAGAGCCGG TCAACGAGGCGGACGCGGCAGCCCTCGAACACGACAAAGCTTACGACCAGCAGCTCAAGG CCGGTGACAACCCGTACCTCAAGTACAACCACGCCGACGCCGAGTTTCAGGAGCGTCTTC AAGAAGATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAACCTTGGCAGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAAAAGAGGA TCCTTGAGCCTCTTGGTCTGGTTGAGGAAGCAGCTAAAACGGCTCCTGGAAAGAAGAGGC CTGTAGATCAGTCTCCTCAGGAACCGGACTCATCATCTGGTGTTGGCAAATCGGGCAAAC AGCCTGCCAGAAAAAGACTAAATTTCGGTCAGACTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTCCCAGACC CTCAACCTCTCGGAGAACCACCAGCAGCCCCCACAAGTTTGGGATCTAATACAATGGCTT CAGGCGGTGGCGCACCAATGGCAGACAATAACGAGGGTGCCGATGGAGTGGGTAATTCCT CAGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCCAATGGCTGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCA GAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACTTACAACAACCATCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAGCCAATCAG GAGCTTCAAACGACAACCACTACTTTGGCTACAGCACCCCTTGGGGGTATTTTGACTTTA ACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATTAACAACAACTGGG GATTCCGGCCCAAGAAACTCAGCTTCAAGCTCTTCAACATCCAAGTTAAAGAGGTCACGC AGAACGATGGCACGACGACTATTGCCAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTCAAGTGTTTACGG ACTCGGAGTATCAGCTCCCGTACGTGCTCGGGTCGGCGCACCAAGGCTGTCTCCCGCCGT - [Validated Target Region Targeting LacZ](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-targeting-lacz/) - CTACACAAATCAGCGATTT - [Validated Mouse LPCAT3 Target Region](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-mouse-lpcat3-gene/) - CAGGTCAGCAGTCTAATTCG - [AAV7 VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav7-vp1-2/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggacctgaaacctggagccccgaaacccaaagccaaccagcaaaagcaggacaa cggccggggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccag cagctcaaagcgggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcatttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaa gaagcgggttctcgaacctctcggtctggttgaggaaggcgctaagacggctcctgcaaagaagagaccggtagagccgtcacctcagcgttcccccgactcctccacgggcatcggcaaga aaggccagcagcccgccagaaagagactcaatttcggtcagactggcgactcagagtcagtccccgaccctcaacctctcggagaacctccagcagcgccctctagtgtgggatctggtacag tggctgcaggcggtggcgcaccaatggcagacaataacgaaggtgccgacggagtgggtaatgcctcaggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcattaccaccag cacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaaccacctctacaagcaaatctccagtgaaactgcaggtagtaccaacgacaacacctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttt aacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcccaagaagctgcggttcaagctcttcaacatccaggtcaaggaggtcacgacga atgacggcgttacgaccatcgctaataaccttaccagcacgattcaggtattctcggactcggaataccagctgccgtacgtcctcggctctgcgcaccagggctgcctgcctccgttcccggcgga cgtcttcatgattcctcagtacggctacctgactctcaacaatggcagtcagtctgtgggacgttcctccttctactgcctggagtacttcccctctcagatgctgagaacgggcaacaactttgagt tcagctacagcttcgaggacgtgcctttccacagcagctacgcacacagccagagcctggaccggctgatgaatcccctcatcgaccagtacttgtactacctggccagaacacagagtaacccag gaggcacagctggcaatcgggaactgcagttttaccagggcgggccttcaactatggccgaacaagccaagaattggttacctggaccttgcttccggcaacaaagagtctccaaaacgctgga tcaaaacaacaacagcaactttgcttggactggtgccaccaaatatcacctgaacggcagaaactcgttggttaatcccggcgtcgccatggcaactcacaaggacgacgaggaccgctttttccc atccagcggagtcctgatttttggaaaaactggagcaactaacaaaactacattggaaaatgtgttaatgacaaatgaagaagaaattcgtcctactaatcctgtagccacggaagaatacggg atagtcagcagcaacttacaagcggctaatactgcagcccagacacaagttgtcaacaaccagggagccttacctggcatggtctggcagaaccgggacgtgtacctgcagggtcccatctggg ccaagattcctcacacggatggcaactttcacccgtctcctttgatgggcggctttggacttaaacatccgcctcctcagatcctgatcaagaacactcccgttcccgctaatcctccggaggtgttta ctcctgccaagtttgcttcgttcatcacacagtacagcaccggacaagtcagcgtggaaatcgagtgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaacccggagattcagtacacctcca actttgaaaagcagactggtgtggactttgccgttgacagccagggtgtttactctgagcctcgccctattggcactcgttacctcacccgtaatctgtaa - [AAV5-GFAP-TetR-U6TO-shRNA Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-gfap-tetr-u6to-shrna-ready-to-package/) - AAV5-GFAP-TetR-U6TO-shRNA for Tetracycline-dependent Glial/Astrocyte Specific Expression of shRNA, Ready to Package - [AAV8 VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-vp1-2/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaacctctctgagggcattcgcgagtggtgggcgctgaaacctggagccccgaagcccaaagccaaccagcaaaagcaggacgacggccg gggtctggtgcttcctggctacaagtacctcggacccttcaacggactcgacaagggggagcccgtcaacgcggcggacgcagcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctgcaggcg ggtgacaatccgtacctgcggtataaccacgccgacgccgagtttcaggagcgtctgcaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaagaagcgggttctcgaac ctctcggtctggttgaggaaggcgctaagacggctcctggaaagaagagaccggtagagccatcaccccagcgttctccagactcctctacgggcatcggcaagaaaggccaacagcccgccagaa aaagactcaattttggtcagactggcgactcagagtcagttccagaccctcaacctctcggagaacctccagcagcgccctctggtgtgggacctaatacaatggctgcaggcggtggcgcaccaatg gcagacaataacgaaggcgccgacggagtgggtagttcctcgggaaattggcattgcgattccacatggctgggcgacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaac aaccacctctacaagcaaatctccaacgggacatcgggaggagccaccaacgacaacacctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgactttaacagattccactgccacttttcaccacgtg actggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcccaagagactcagcttcaagctcttcaacatccaggtcaaggaggtcacgcagaatgaaggcaccaagaccatcgccaataacctca ccagcaccatccaggtgtttacggactcggagtaccagctgccgtacgttctcggctctgcccaccagggctgcctgcctccgttcccggcggacgtgttcatgattccccagtacggctacctaacactc aacaacggtagtcaggccgtgggacgctcctccttctactgcctggaatactttccttcgcagatgctgagaaccggcaacaacttccagtttacttacaccttcgaggacgtgcctttccacagcagct acgcccacagccagagcttggaccggctgatgaatcctctgattgaccagtacctgtactacttgtctcggactcaaacaacaggaggcacggcaaatacgcagactctgggcttcagccaaggtgg gcctaatacaatggccaatcaggcaaagaactggctgccaggaccctgttaccgccaacaacgcgtctcaacgacaaccgggcaaaacaacaatagcaactttgcctggactgctgggaccaaatac catctgaatggaagaaattcattggctaatcctggcatcgctatggcaacacacaaagacgacgaggagcgtttttttcccagtaacgggatcctgatttttggcaaacaaaatgctgccagagaca atgcggattacagcgatgtcatgctcaccagcgaggaagaaatcaaaaccactaaccctgtggctacagaggaatacggtatcgtggcagataacttgcagcagcaaaacacggctcctcaaattg gaactgtcaacagccagggggccttacccggtatggtctggcagaaccgggacgtgtacctgcagggtcccatctgggccaagattcctcacacggacggcaacttccacccgtctccgctgatggg cggctttggcctgaaacatcctccgcctcagatcctgatcaagaacacgcctgtacctgcggatcctccgaccaccttcaaccagtcaaagctgaactctttcatcacgcaatacagcaccggacaggtc agcgtggaaattgaatgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaaccccgagatccagtacacctccaactactacaaatctacaagtgtggactttgctgttaatacagaaggcgtgt actctgaaccccgccccattggcacccgttacctcacccgtaatctgtaa - [Validated mJUNB Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-mjunb-target-region-sequence/) - AAGAGTCGTCGTGATAGAAAGG - [Validated siRNA against RBJP and Hes1](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sirna-against-rbjp-and-hes1/) - RBJP: CGGCAUUACUGGAUGCAGATT Hes1: CACUGAUUUUGGAUGCACUTT - [Validated SARM1 shRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sarm1-shrna/) - 5’CCGGCAAGGTCTATGCGATGCTATACTCGAGTATAGCATCGCATAGACCTTGTTTTTG 3’ - [CRISPR-EZ Video Protocol](https://signagen.com/blog/crispr-ez-video-protocol/) - CRISPR-EZ Video Protocol - [Multiple sgRNAs with overlapping sequences enhance CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in efficiency](https://signagen.com/blog/multiple-sgrnas-with-overlapping-sequences-enhance-crisprcas9-mediated-knock-in-efficiency/) - Abstract The CRISPR/Cas9 system is widely applied in genome engineering due to its simplicity and versatility. Although this has revolutionized genome-editing technology, knockin animal generation via homology directed repair (HDR) is not as efficient as nonhomologous end-joining DNA-repair-dependent knockout. Although its double-strand break activity may vary, Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenens allows robust design of - [Tild-CRISPR Allows for Efficient and Precise Gene Knockin in Mouse and Human Cells](https://signagen.com/blog/tild-crispr-allows-for-efficient-and-precise-gene-knockin-in-mouse-and-human-cells/) - Abstract The targeting efficiency of knockin sequences via homologous recombination (HR) is generally low. Here we describe a method we call Tild-CRISPR (targeted integration with linearized dsDNA-CRISPR), a targeting strategy in which a PCR-amplified or precisely enzyme-cut transgene donor with 800-bp homology arms is injected with Cas9 mRNA and single guide RNA into mouse zygotes. - [Validated GPAM Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-gpam-target-region-sequence/) - Validated GPAM Target Region Sequence: GACGGAGGCTCGATGAAAC GACTGTGGGTTCAAACCTA - [Validated Tbk1 Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-tbk1-target-region-sequence/) - Validated Tbk1 Target Region Sequence: GCAGAGCACTTCCAACCATCT - [Several Validated siRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/several-validated-sirna/) - siRNA Species Target sequence PPARα mouse 5´-GGGUCAUACUCGCGGGAAAdtdt-3´ PPARα mouse 5´-GGCUGAAGCUGGUGUACGAdtdt-3´ PPARα mouse 5´-GGGCAAGAGAAUCCACGAAdtdt-3´ PPARα mouse 5´-ACACAAUGCAAUUCGCUUUdtdt-3´ GYK mouse 5´-GGAGGAAUGACCAGCAAUAdtdt-3´ GYK mouse 5´-CUACUUCGUUCCAGCAUUUdtdt-3´ PPARγ mouse 5´-UCACAAUGCCAUCAGGUUUdtdt-3´ PPARγ mouse 5´-CGAAGAACCAUCCGAUUGAdtdt-3 - [Argininosuccinate Lyase (ALS) Validated Target Region](https://signagen.com/blog/argininosuccinate-lyase-als-validated-target-region/) - CACCTTCAAACTGAACTCCAA AGGAGGCTGCTGTGTGTTT - [Validated gpNaV1.7 shRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-gpnav1-7-shrna/) - GGGCATAGATTACGTGAAATTCAAGAGATTTCACGTAATCTATGCCC - [Validated Target Region for Mouse STX18](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-target-region-for-mouse-stx18/) - ACGACTAACTGGTGAATG - [shRNA/siRNA Design Online Tools](https://signagen.com/blog/shrnasirna-design-online-tools/) - http://cancan.cshl.edu/RNAi_central/RNAi.cgi?type=shRNA https://www.invivogen.com/sirnawizard/ https://rnaidesigner.thermofisher.com/rnaiexpress/ - [AAV-CMV-GFP in Serotype AAV2-BR1 Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cmv-gfp-in-serotype-aav2-br1-ready-to-package/) - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP in Serotype AAV2-BR1 Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-in-serotype-aav2-br1-ready-to-package/) - [S100A1 shRNA Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/s100a1-target-region-sequence/) - GGAGACCCTCATCAATGTGTTCC - [Validated Glut1 and Glut2 siRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-glut1-and-glut2-sirna/) - Glut1 siRNA: CCUCUUUGUUAAUCGCUUU Glut2 siRNA: UCUUCCUUUCUCAUUGGCAUCAUUU - [mGluR2 siRNA Validated](https://signagen.com/blog/mglur2-sirna-validated/) - GGAGCACTCCTTAGCTTGA - [PDK2 and PDK4 Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/pdk2-and-pdk4-target-region-sequence/) - PDK2: AAGAGTTCAAAGAGCATGTGG PDK4: ATACTGAAGATTTTGATTGGT - [Validated Human TRPV1 siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-trpv1-sirnas/) - siRNA # 1: GGA TTGCCCTCACGAGGAA siRNA # 2: AACUGGAGACUAUUUCCGA siRNA # 3: GAAGACCUGUCUGCUGAAATT siRNA # 4: CGAGCAUGUACAAUGAGAUTT siRNA # 5: CGCAUCUUCUACUUCAACUTT - [PDK2 Validated Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/pdk2-validated-target-region-sequence/) - GCCTGCCTGTCTACAACAA - [AAV-CAG-TATAlox-GFP-U6-shRNA Ready to Package for Cre-dependent Expression of shRNA and GFP](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cmv-tatalox-u6-shrna-gfp-ready-to-package-for-cre-dependent-expression-of-shrna-and-gfp/) - [AAV-THP-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-thp-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV2 BR1 VP1 Sequence (Cont'd)](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-rb1-vp1-sequence-contd/) - MAADGYLPDWLEDTLSEGIRQWWKLKPGPPPPKPAERHKDDSRGLVLPGYKYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDRQLDSGDNPYLKYNHAD AEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEPVKTAPGKKRPVEHSPVEPDSSSGTGKAGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDADSVPDPQPLGQPPAAPSGLGT NTMATGSGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSTWMGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLI NNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEYFPSQMLR TGNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTNTPSGTTTQSRLQFSQAGASDIRDQSRNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTSADNNNSEYSWTGATKY HLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEKFFPQSGVLIFGKQGSEKTNVDIEKVMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGSVSTNLQRGQRGNRGTEWDAQAATADVNTQGVLP GMVWQDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANPSTTFSAAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNK SVNVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL* - [Validated siRNA Targeting STAT3](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sirna-targeting-stat3/) - CCAACGACCUGCAGCAAUAUU - [AAV2 BR1 VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-rb1-vp1-sequence/) - AAV-BR1 is an AAV serotype 2 derived capsid variant containing the heptapeptide NRGTEWD. In contrast to wtAAV-2, this variant shows a high specificity for endothelial cells of the brain and spinal cord vasculature (CD31+ cells in the brain). Gene expression in other organs and cells (including brain parenchyma) was barely detectable. In addition to the - [AAV VP1 Sequence for Serotype DJ](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-serotype-dj-vp1-sequence/) - ATGGCTGCCGATGGTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACACTCTCTCTGAAGGAATAAGACAGTGGTGGAAGCTCAAACCTGGCCCACCACCACCAAAGCC CGCAGAGCGGCATAAGGACGACAGCAGGGGTCTTGTGCTTCCTGGGTACAAGTACCTCGGACCCTTCAACGGACTCGACAAGGGAGAGCCGGTCAACGAG GCAGACGCCGCGGCCCTCGAGCACGACAAAGCCTACGACCGGCAGCTCGACAGCGGAGACAACCCGTACCTCAAGTACAACCACGCCGACGCCGAGTTCC AGGAGCGGCTCAAAGAAGATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAACCTCGGGCGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAAAAGAGGCTTCTTGAACCTCTTGGTCTGGTTGAGGA AGCGGCTAAGACGGCTCCTGGAAAGAAGAGGCCTGTAGAGCACTCTCCTGTGGAGCCAGACTCCTCCTCGGGAACCGGAAAGGCGGGCCAGCAGCCTGCA AGAAAAAGATTGAATTTTGGTCAGACTGGAGACGCAGACTCAGTCCCAGACCCTCAACCAATCGGAGAACCTCCCGCAGCCCCCTCAGGTGTGGGATCTCTT ACAATGGCTGCAGGCGGTGGCGCACCAATGGCAGACAATAACGAGGGCGCCGACGGAGTGGGTAATTCCTCGGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACATGGAT GGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCCGAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACCTACAACAACCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAACAGCACATCTGGAGGATCTTC AAATGACAACGCCTACTTCGGCTACAGCACCCCCTGGGGGTATTTTGACTTTAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTTTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATCAAC AACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAGACTCAGCTTCAAGCTCTTCAACATCCAGGTCAAGGAGGTCACGCAGAATGAAGGCACCAAGACCATCGCCAATAAC CTCACCAGCACCATCCAGGTGTTTACGGACTCGGAGTACCAGCTGCCGTACGTTCTCGGCTCTGCCCACCAGGGCTGCCTGCCTCCGTTCCCGGCGGACGTGT TCATGATTCCCCAGTACGGCTACCTAACACTCAACAACGGTAGTCAGGCCGTGGGACGCTCCTCCTTCTACTGCCTGGAATACTTTCCTTCGCAGATGCTGAGA ACCGGCAACAACTTCCAGTTTACTTACACCTTCGAGGACGTGCCTTTCCACAGCAGCTACGCCCACAGCCAGAGCTTGGACCGGCTGATGAATCCTCTGATTG ACCAGTACCTGTACTACTTGTCTCGGACTCAAACAACAGGAGGCACGACAAATACGCAGACTCTGGGCTTCAGCCAAGGTGGGCCTAATACAATGGCCAATC AGGCAAAGAACTGGCTGCCAGGACCCTGTTACCGCCAGCAGCGAGTATCAAAGACATCTGCGGATAACAACAACAGTGAATACTCGTGGACTGGAGCTACCA AGTACCACCTCAATGGCAGAGACTCTCTGGTGAATCCGGGCCCGGCCATGGCAAGCCACAAGGACGATGAAGAAAAGTTTTTTCCTCAGAGCGGGGTTCTCA TCTTTGGGAAGCAAGGCTCAGAGAAAACAAATGTGGACATTGAAAAGGTCATGATTACAGACGAAGAGGAAATCAGGACAACCAATCCCGTGGCTACGGAG CAGTATGGTTCTGTATCTACCAACCTCCAGAGAGGCAACAGACAAGCAGCTACCGCAGATGTCAACACACAAGGCGTTCTTCCAGGCATGGTCTGGCAGGAC AGAGATGTGTACCTTCAGGGGCCCATCTGGGCAAAGATTCCACACACGGACGGACATTTTCACCCCTCTCCCCTCATGGGTGGATTCGGACTTAAACACCCTC CGCCTCAGATCCTGATCAAGAACACGCCTGTACCTGCGGATCCTCCGACCACCTTCAACCAGTCAAAGCTGAACTCTTTCATCACCCAGTATTCTACTGGCCA AGTCAGCGTGGAGATCGAGTGGGAGCTGCAGAAGGAAAACAGCAAGCGCTGGAACCCCGAGATCCAGTACACCTCCAACTACTACAAATCTACAAGTGTG GACTTTGCTGTTAATACAGAAGGCGTGTACTCTGAACCCCGCCCCATTGGCACCCGTTACCTCACCCGTAATCTGTAA - [AAV VP1 Sequence for Serotype DJ/8](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-serotype-dj8-vp1-sequence/) - ATGGCTGCCGATGGTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACACTCTCTCTGAAGGAATAAGACAGTGGTGGAAGCTCAAACCTGGCCCACCACCACCAAAGCCCGCAGA GCGGCATAAGGACGACAGCAGGGGTCTTGTGCTTCCTGGGTACAAGTACCTCGGACCCTTCAACGGACTCGACAAGGGAGAGCCGGTCAACGAGGCAGACGCCGCG GCCCTCGAGCACGACAAAGCCTACGACCGGCAGCTCGACAGCGGAGACAACCCGTACCTCAAGTACAACCACGCCGACGCCGAGTTCCAGGAGCGGCTCAAAGAAG ATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAACCTCGGGCGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAAAAGAGGCTTCTTGAACCTCTTGGTCTGGTTGAGGAAGCGGCTAAGACGGCTCCTGGAAAG AAGAGGCCTGTAGAGCACTCTCCTGTGGAGCCAGACTCCTCCTCGGGAACCGGAAAGGCGGGCCAGCAGCCTGCAAGAAAAAGATTGAATTTTGGTCAGACTGGAG ACGCAGACTCAGTCCCAGACCCTCAACCAATCGGAGAACCTCCCGCAGCCCCCTCAGGTGTGGGATCTCTTACAATGGCTGCAGGCGGTGGCGCACCAATGGCAGAC AATAACGAGGGCGCCGACGGAGTGGGTAATTCCTCGGGAAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCACATGGATGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCCGAACCTGGGCCCT GCCCACCTACAACAACCACCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAACAGCACATCTGGAGGATCTTCAAATGACAACGCCTACTTCGGCTACAGCACCCCCTGGGGGTATTTTGA CTTTAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTTTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATCAACAACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAGACTCAGCTTCAAGCTCTTCAACATCCAG GTCAAGGAGGTCACGCAGAATGAAGGCACCAAGACCATCGCCAATAACCTCACCAGCACCATCCAGGTGTTTACGGACTCGGAGTACCAGCTGCCGTACGTTCTCGGC TCTGCCCACCAGGGCTGCCTGCCTCCGTTCCCGGCGGACGTGTTCATGATTCCCCAGTACGGCTACCTAACACTCAACAACGGTAGTCAGGCCGTGGGACGCTCCTCCT TCTACTGCCTGGAATACTTTCCTTCGCAGATGCTGAGAACCGGCAACAACTTCCAGTTTACTTACACCTTCGAGGACGTGCCTTTCCACAGCAGCTACGCCCACAGCCA GAGCTTGGACCGGCTGATGAATCCTCTGATTGACCAGTACCTGTACTACTTGTCTCGGACTCAAACAACAGGAGGCACGACAAATACGCAGACTCTGGGCTTCAGCCAA GGTGGGCCTAATACAATGGCCAATCAGGCAAAGAACTGGCTGCCAGGACCCTGTTACCGCCAGCAGCGAGTATCAAAGACATCTGCGGATAACAACAACAGTGAATAC TCGTGGACTGGAGCTACCAAGTACCACCTCAATGGCAGAGACTCTCTGGTGAATCCGGGCCCGGCCATGGCAAGCCACAAGGACGATGAAGAAAAGTTTTTTCCTCAG AGCGGGGTTCTCATCTTTGGGAAGCAAGGCTCAGAGAAAACAAATGTGGACATTGAAAAGGTCATGATTACAGACGAAGAGGAAATCAGGACAACCAATCCCGTGGC TACGGAGCAGTATGGTTCTGTATCTACCAACCTCCAGCAAGGCAACACACAAGCAGCTACCGCAGATGTCAACACACAAGGCGTTCTTCCAGGCATGGTCTGGCAGGA CAGAGATGTGTACCTTCAGGGGCCCATCTGGGCAAAGATTCCACACACGGACGGACATTTTCACCCCTCTCCCCTCATGGGTGGATTCGGACTTAAACACCCTCCGCCT CAGATCCTGATCAAGAACACGCCTGTACCTGCGGATCCTCCGACCACCTTCAACCAGTCAAAGCTGAACTCTTTCATCACCCAGTATTCTACTGGCCAAGTCAGCGTGG AGATCGAGTGGGAGCTGCAGAAGGAAAACAGCAAGCGCTGGAACCCCGAGATCCAGTACACCTCCAACTACTACAAATCTACAAGTGTGGACTTTGCTGTTAATACAG AAGGCGTGTACTCTGAACCCCGCCCCATTGGCACCCGTTACCTCACCCGTAATCTGTAA - [Converting dsDNA from Nanograms to Copy Number](https://signagen.com/blog/converting-dsdna-from-nanograms-to-copy-number/) - Researchers performing qPCR will often create a standard curve based on nanograms of amplicon, and then need to convert the resulting nanograms detected to copy number. The formula for making this conversion is as follows: Where: X = amount of amplicon (ng) N = length of dsDNA amplicon 660 g/mole = average mass of 1 - [AAV-Syn-GFP and AAV-Syn-Cre in Serotype PHP.S Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-syn-gfp-and-aav-syn-cre-in-serotype-php-s-ready-to-package/) - [Universal Primers for qPCR Titration of rAAV](https://signagen.com/blog/universal-primers-for-qpcr-titration-of-raav/) - Primers Targeting ITR: FWD primer, 5'-GGAACCCCTAGTGATGGAGTT REV primer, 5'-CGGCCTCAGTGAGCGA qPCR reaction conditions: 98 ℃ 3 min / 98 ℃ 15 sec, 60 ℃ 30 sec / Repeat 39x / Melt curve - [EglN2 Validated siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/egln2-validated-sirnas/) - EglN2-1 5′-GACTATATCGTGCCCTGCATG-3′; EglN2-4 5′-GCCACTCTTTGACCGGTTGCT-3′; EGLN1 5′-AGCTCCTTCTACTGCTGCA-3′; EGLN3 5′-CAGGTTATGTTCGCCACGT-3′ - [Mouse Myh10 Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/mouse-myh10-target-region-sequence/) - CTTCCAATTTACTCTGAGAA - [Validated siRNAs Targeting MYH9, MYH10, ROCK1 , ROCK2, MRLC1, MRLC2 and MRLC3](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sirna-targeting-myh9-myh10-rock1-rock2-mrlc1-and-mrlc2/) - MYH9: MYH9-5 GUAUCAAUGUGACCGAUUU Good + MHH9-6 CAAAGGAGCCCUGGCGUUA Good + MYH9-7 GGAGGAACGCCGAGCAGUA Good ++ MYH9-8 CGAAGCGGGUGAAAGCAAA Good + MYH9-9 GGGUAUCAAUGUGACCGAUUU Good + MYH9-10 CGGCAAGGUGGAUUACAAAUU Good ++ MYH10: MYH10-5 CCAAUUUACUCUGAGAAUA Nonspecific for MYH9 Good +++++ MYH10-6 GGGCAACUCUACAAAGAAU Good +++++ MYH10-7 GAGCAGCCGCCAACAAAUU Good +++++ MYH10-8 GGAAGAAGCUCGACGCGCA Good +++++ MYH10-9 - [Validated siRNA Knocking Down Dystonin-a1 and Dystonin-a2](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sirna-knocking-down-dystonin-a1-and-dystonin-a2/) - The following siRNA sequences were efficacious in knocking down dystonin-a1 and dystonin-a2 expression, respectively: Group A: Sense: 5’-ACAUGUACGUGGAGGAGCA-3’ / Antisense: 5’-UGCUCCUCCACGUACAUGU-3’; Sense: 5’-CAAGCAUGAGAGAUCCAAA-3’ / Antisense: 5’-UUUGGAUCUCUCAUGCUUG-3’; Group B: Sense: 5’-CAAGCAUGAGAGAUCCAAA-3’ / Antisense: 5’-UUUGGAUCUCUCAUGCUUG-3’; Sense: 5’-CUUCCUCUUGUUGCUCCUG-3’ / Antisense: 5’-CAGGAGCAACAAGAGGAAG-3’ - [Mouse dystonin shRNA validated](https://signagen.com/blog/mouse-dystonin-shrna-validated/) - Validated mouse dystonin shRNA: CCGGCCCTTGTCAAACTCTACGAAACTCGAGTTTCGTAGAGTTTGACAAGGGTTTTTG - [AAV-CAG-tdTOMATO in Serotype PHP.S Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cag-tdtomato-in-serotype-php-s-ready-to-package/) - [Validated siRNA Targeting Human 15-PGDH](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sirna-targeting-human-15-pgdh/) - UUGCACAGCAGCCGGUUUAUU - [mPDK4 Validated siRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/mpdk4-validated-sirna/) - mPDK4 Validated siRNA CCGUCUCUACGCCAAGUAUTT - [rAAV Serotype 3B VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/raav-serotype-3b-vp1/) - ATGGCTGCTGACGGTTATCTTCCAGATTGGCTCGAGGACAACCTTTCTGAAGGCATTCGTGAGTGGTGGGCTCTGAAACCTGGAGT CCCTCAACCCAAAGCGAACCAACAACACCAGGACAACCGTCGGGGTCTTGTGCTTCCGGGTTACAAATACCTCGGACCCGGTAAC GGACTCGACAAAGGAGAGCCGGTCAACGAGGCGGACGCGGCAGCCCTCGAACACGACAAAGCTTACGACCAGCAGCTCAAGGC CGGTGACAACCCGTACCTCAAGTACAACCACGCCGACGCCGAGTTTCAGGAGCGTCTTCAAGAAGATACGTCTTTTGGGGGCAAC CTTGGCAGAGCAGTCTTCCAGGCCAAAAAGAGGATCCTTGAGCCTCTTGGTCTGGTTGAGGAAGCAGCTAAAACGGCTCCTGGA AAGAAGAGGCCTGTAGATCAGTCTCCTCAGGAACCGGACTCATCATCTGGTGTTGGCAAATCGGGCAAACAGCCTGCCAGAAAA AGACTAAATTTCGGTCAGACTGGCGACTCAGAGTCAGTCCCAGACCCTCAACCTCTCGGAGAACCACCAGCAGCCCCCACAAGTT TGGGATCTAATACAATGGCTTCAGGCGGTGGCGCACCAATGGCAGACAATAACGAGGGTGCCGATGGAGTGGGTAATTCCTCAGG AAATTGGCATTGCGATTCCCAATGGCTGGGCGACAGAGTCATCACCACCAGCACCAGAACCTGGGCCCTGCCCACTTACAACAACC ATCTCTACAAGCAAATCTCCAGCCAATCAGGAGCTTCAAACGACAACCACTACTTTGGCTACAGCACCCCTTGGGGGTATTTTGAC TTTAACAGATTCCACTGCCACTTCTCACCACGTGACTGGCAGCGACTCATTAACAACAACTGGGGATTCCGGCCCAAGAAACTCAG CTTCAAGCTCTTCAACATCCAAGTTAAAGAGGTCACGCAGAACGATGGCACGACGACTATTGCCAATAACCTTACCAGCACGGTTC AAGTGTTTACGGACTCGGAGTATCAGCTCCCGTACGTGCTCGGGTCGGCGCACCAAGGCTGTCTCCCGCCGTTTCCAGCGGACGTCT TCATGGTCCCTCAGTATGGATACCTCACCCTGAACAACGGAAGTCAAGCGGTGGGACGCTCATCCTTTTACTGCCTGGAGTACTTCCC TTCGCAGATGCTAAGGACTGGAAATAACTTCCAATTCAGCTATACCTTCGAGGATGTACCTTTTCACAGCAGCTACGCTCACAGCCAG AGTTTGGATCGCTTGATGAATCCTCTTATTGATCAGTATCTGTACTACCTGAACAGAACGCAAGGAACAACCTCTGGAACAACCAACC AATCACGGCTGCTTTTTAGCCAGGCTGGGCCTCAGTCTATGTCTTTGCAGGCCAGAAATTGGCTACCTGGGCCCTGCTACCGGCAAC AGAGACTTTCAAAGACTGCTAACGACAACAACAACAGTAACTTTCCTTGGACAGCGGCCAGCAAATATCATCTCAATGGCCGCGAC TCGCTGGTGAATCCAGGACCAGCTATGGCCAGTCACAAGGACGATGAAGAAAAATTTTTCCCTATGCACGGCAATCTAATATTTGGC AAAGAAGGGACAACGGCAAGTAACGCAGAATTAGATAATGTAATGATTACGGATGAAGAAGAGATTCGTACCACCAATCCTGTGGC AACAGAGCAGTATGGAACTGTGGCAAATAACTTGCAGAGCTCAAATACAGCTCCCACGACTAGAACTGTCAATGATCAGGGGGCCT TACCTGGCATGGTGTGGCAAGATCGTGACGTGTACCTTCAAGGACCTATCTGGGCAAAGATTCCTCACACGGATGGACACTTTCATCC TTCTCCTCTGATGGGAGGCTTTGGACTGAAACATCCGCCTCCTCAAATCATGATCAAAAATACTCCGGTACCGGCAAATCCTCCGACG ACTTTCAGCCCGGCCAAGTTTGCTTCATTTATCACTCAGTACTCCACTGGACAGGTCAGCGTGGAAATTGAGTGGGAGCTACAGAAAG AAAACAGCAAACGTTGGAATCCAGAGATTCAGTACACTTCCAACTACAACAAGTCTGTTAATGTGGACTTTACTGTAGACACTAATGG TGTTTATAGTGAACCTCGCCCTATTGGAACCCGGTATCTCACACGAAACTTGTAA - [Three Validated siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/three-validated-sirnas/) - COX-2 siRNA: 5-AACTGCTCAACACCGGAATTTTT-3 COX-1 siRNA: 5-AAGTGCCATCCAAACTCTATCTT-3 15-PGDH siRNA: 5-AACAGTGGTGTGAGACTGAAT-3 - [Validated siRNA Targeting 15-PGDH and HIF-alpha](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-sirna-targeting-15-pgdh-and-hif-alpha/) - 15-PGDH and Scramble control siRNA sequence: 15-PGDH: (NM_001034419.2) 5′-GCUUUGAA UGGUGCUAUUATT-3′ Scramble: 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCAC GUTT-3′ HIF-1α siRNA: (NM_174339.3) 5′-GCUCCUGAGGAAGAACUAATT-3′ Scramble: 5′-UUCUCCG AACGUGUCACGUTT-3′ - [15-PGDH-specific shRNAs Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/15-pgdh-specific-shrnas-target-region-sequence/) - 15PGDH-specific shRNAs target region sequence: 1) CACAGCCATCCTTGAATCAAT 2) GAAGGCGGCATCATTATCAAT 3) GCAACAACTGAGAGACACTTT 4) CTGGAGTGAATAATGAGAAA 5) ACTCATAACAACACAGACATA - [Validated Mouse FOXO3 siRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-mouse-foxo3-sirna/) - Mouse FOXO3 siRNA: 5′-CCAGUGACUUGGACCUGGACAUGUU-3′ - [Validated Mouse FOXO1 siRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-mouse-foxo1-sirna/) - Mouse FOXO1 siRNA 5'-GCGGGCUGGAAGAAUUCAATT-3' - [Validated Human FOXO1 siRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/validated-foxo1-sirna/) - Human FOXO1 siRNAs: 5′-GGAGGUAUGAGUCAGUAUATT-3′ (sense) 5 ′-UAUACUGACUCAUACCUCCTT-3 ′ (antisense), - [Human Period 2 (hPer2) Target Sequences](https://signagen.com/blog/human-period-2-hper2-target-sequences/) - Human Period 2 (hPer2) target sequences were as follows: i) 5’-CAACAAGGTGCTGAGAGTCAGCTTT-3’ ii) 5’-ACTCTGGTTATGAAGCCCCTAGAAT-3’ - [Two Validated Gadd45a siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/two-validated-gadd45a-sirnas/) - Two validated Gadd45a siRNAs siRNA1: sense: 5'- GAG CAG AAG ACC GAA AGG AUG GAU A-3'; anti-sense: 5'-UAU CCA UCC UUU CGG UCU UCU GCU C-3' siRNA2: sense 5'-GGU GAC GAA UCC ACA UUC AUC UCA A-3'; anti-sense: 5'-UUG AGA UGA AUG UGG AUU CGU CAC C -3') - [Primers for rAAV qPCR Titration](https://signagen.com/blog/primers-for-raav-qpcr-titration/) - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Promoter Assay Forward: 5-CATCTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCA-3 Reverse: 5-GAAATCCCCGTGAGTCAAACC-3 Probe: 5-6FAM-TCAATGGGCGTGGATAG-MGBNFQ-3 Human Thyroxine-binding Globulin (TBG) Promoter Assay Forward: 5-AAACTGCCAATTCCACTGCTG-3 Reverse: 5-CCATAGGCAAAAGCACCAAGA-3 Probe: 5-6FAM-TTGGCCCAATAGTGAGAACTTTTTCCTGC-TAMRA-3 Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) Assay Forward: 5-AGCAAAGACCCCAACGAGAA-3 Reverse: 5-GGCGGCGGTCACGAA-3 Probe: 5-6FAM-CGCGATCACATGGTCCTGCTGG-TAMRA-3 Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) Polyadenylation Signal Assay Forward: 5-GCCAGCCATCTGTTGT-3 Reverse: 5-GGAGTGGCACCTTCCA-3 Probe: 5-6FAM-TCCCCCGTGCCTTCCTTGACC-TAMRA-3 Forward: 5’-GCCTTCTAGTTGCCAGCCAT-3’ Reverse: 5’-GGCACCTTCCAGGGTCAAG-3’ Normal Rabbit beta-globin (nRBG) - [rAAV Average Molecular Weight](https://signagen.com/blog/raav-average-molecular-weight/) - Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a parvovirus and is composed of three structural proteins and a linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome of approximately 4.7 kb (17). The particle has icosahedral symmetry and a diameter of 20 to 24 nm. The three capsid proteins of AAV, VP1, VP2, and VP3, have molecular masses of 87, 72, and 62 kDa, respectively, and a - [CK0.4 Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/ck0-4-promoter/) - ACGCGTAACTTGTGGACTAAGTTTGTTCACATCCCCTTCTCCAACCCCCTCAGTACATCACCCTGGGGGAACAGGGTCCACTTGCTCCTGGGCCCA CACAGTCCTGCAGTATTGTGTATATAAGGCCAGGGCAAAGAGGAGCAGGTTTTAAAGTGAAAGGCAGGCAGGTGTTGGGGAGGCAGTTACCGGG GCAACGGGAACAGGGCGTTTCGGAGGTGGTTGCCATGGGGACCTGGATGCTGACGAAGGCTCGCGAGGCTGTGAGCAGCCACAGTGCCCTGCTC AGAAGCCCCAAGCTCGTCAGTCAAGCCGGTTCTCCGTTTGCACTCAGGAGCACGGGCAGGCGAGTGGCCCCTAGTTCTGGGGGCAGCTCTAGAG CCGATCCCCGGGTACCGGT - [LV-TRE-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-tre-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP in Serotype PHP.eB Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-synapsin-gfp-in-serotype-php-eb-ready-to-package/) - [AAV(PHP.eB)-CMV-GFP and AAV(PHP.eB)-Synapsin-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aavphp-eb-cmv-gfp-and-aavphp-eb-fcrls-pa-fgfp-shrnsc-ready-to-package/) - [Woolly Monkey HBV AAV (AAV8-WMHBV), Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/woolly-monkey-hbv-aav-aav8-wmhbv-ready-to-package/) - [AAV8-CAG-Gluc (Secreted Gaussia Luciferase) Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-cag-gluc-secreted-gaussia-luciferase-ready-to-package/) - [Secreted Gaussia Luciferase ORF](https://signagen.com/blog/secreted-gaussia-luciferase-orf/) - ATGGGAGTCAAAGTTCTGTTTGCCCTGATCTGCATCGCTGTGGCCGAGGCCAAGCCCACCGAGAACAACGAAGACTTCAACATCGTGGCCGTGGCCAG CAACTTCGCGACCACGGATCTCGATGCTGACCGCGGGAAGTTGCCCGGCAAGAAGCTGCCGCTGGAGGTGCTCAAAGAGATGGAAGCCAATGCCCGG AAAGCTGGCTGCACCAGGGGCTGTCTGATCTGCCTGTCCCACATCAAGTGCACGCCCAAGATGAAGAAGTTCATCCCAGGACGCTGCCACACCTACGA AGGCGACAAAGAGTCCGCACAGGGCGGCATAGGCGAGGCGATCGTCGACATTCCTGAGATTCCTGGGTTCAAGGACTTGGAGCCCATGGAGCAGTTCA TCGCACAGGTCGATCTGTGTGTGGACTGCACAACTGGCTGCCTCAAAGGGCTTGCCAACGTGCAGTGTTCTGACCTGCTCAAGAAGTGGCTGCCGCAAC GCTGTGCGACCTTTGCCAGCAAGATCCAGGGCCAGGTGGACAAGATCAAGGGGGCCGGTGGTGACTAA - [AAV VP1 Sequence Blast Serotype PHP.eB vs Serotype PHP.S](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-vp1-sequence-blast-serotype-php-eb-vs-serotype-php-s/) - Query 1 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD 60 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD Sbjct 1 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD 60 Query 61 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ 120 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ Sbjct 61 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ 120 Query 121 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE 180 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE Sbjct 121 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE 180 Query 181 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI 240 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI Sbjct 181 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI 240 Query 241 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR 300 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR Sbjct 241 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR 300 Query 301 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH 360 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH Sbjct 301 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH 360 Query - [AAV VP1 Sequence for Serotype PHP.S](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-vp1-sequence-for-serotype-php-s/) - 1 atggctgccg atggttatct tccagattgg ctcgaggaca accttagtga aggaattcgc 61 gagtggtggg ctttgaaacc tggagcccct caacccaagg caaatcaaca acatcaagac 121 aacgctcgag gtcttgtgct tccgggttac aaataccttg gacccggcaa cggactcgac 181 aagggggagc cggtcaacgc agcagacgcg gcggccctcg agcacgacaa ggcctacgac 241 cagcagctca aggccggaga caacccgtac ctcaagtaca accacgccga cgccgagttc 301 caggagcggc tcaaagaaga tacgtctttt gggggcaacc tcgggcgagc agtcttccag 361 gccaaaaaga ggcttcttga acctcttggt ctggttgagg aagcggctaa gacggctcct 421 ggaaagaaga ggcctgtaga gcagtctcct caggaaccgg actcctccgc - [AAV VP1 Sequence Blast Serotype PHP.B vs Serotype PHP.eB](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-vp1-sequence-blast-serotype-php-b-vs-serotype-php-eb/) - Query 1 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD 60 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD Sbjct 1 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD 60 Query 61 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ 120 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ Sbjct 61 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ 120 Query 121 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE 180 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE Sbjct 121 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE 180 Query 181 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI 240 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI Sbjct 181 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI 240 Query 241 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR 300 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR Sbjct 241 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR 300 Query 301 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH 360 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH Sbjct 301 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH 360 Query - [Synthetic AAV-PHP.eB Capsid Protein Gene, Complete Cds](https://signagen.com/blog/synthetic-aav-php-eb-capsid-protein-gene-complete-cds/) - 1 atggctgccg atggttatct tccagattgg ctcgaggaca accttagtga aggaattcgc 61 gagtggtggg ctttgaaacc tggagcccct caacccaagg caaatcaaca acatcaagac 121 aacgctcgag gtcttgtgct tccgggttac aaataccttg gacccggcaa cggactcgac 181 aagggggagc cggtcaacgc agcagacgcg gcggccctcg agcacgacaa ggcctacgac 241 cagcagctca aggccggaga caacccgtac ctcaagtaca accacgccga cgccgagttc 301 caggagcggc tcaaagaaga tacgtctttt gggggcaacc tcgggcgagc agtcttccag 361 gccaaaaaga ggcttcttga acctcttggt ctggttgagg aagcggctaa gacggctcct 421 ggaaagaaga ggcctgtaga gcagtctcct caggaaccgg actcctccgc - [LV-CaMKIIa-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-camkiia-gfp-ready-to-package/) - [AAV8-HBV1.0 / AAV8-HBV1.2 / AAV8-HBV1.3 (All Classic Genotype D, Ayw) Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-hbv1-0-aav8-hbv1-2-aav8-hbv1-3-ready-to-package/) - [NCOR1 and MSTN Validated Target Region Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/ncor1-and-mstn-validated-target-region-sequence/) - NCOR1 target: GCTCTCAAAGTTCAGACTCTT MSTN target: GATTGGATTATCGCTCCTAAA - [gpNa V 1.7-targeting shRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/gpna-v-1-7-targeting-shrna/) - 5'-GGGCATAGATTACGTGAAA TTCAAGAGA TTTCACGTAATCTATGCCC-3' - [Cas9 Species/Variants and PAM Sequences](https://signagen.com/blog/cas9-speciesvariants-and-pam-sequences/) - Species/Variant of Cas9 PAM Sequence Streptococcus pyogenes (SP); SpCas9 NGG SpCas9 D1135E variant NGG (reduced NAG binding) SpCas9 VRER variant NGCG SpCas9 EQR variant NGAG SpCas9 VQR variant NGAN or NGNG Staphylococcus aureus (SA); SaCas9 NNGRRT or NNGRR(N) Neisseria meningitidis (NM) NNNNGATT Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) NNAGAAW Treponema denticola (TD) NAAAAC Additional Cas9s from various species - [AAV-GFAP-GFP and AAV-GFAP-mCherry Ready to package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-gfap-gfp-and-aav-gfap-mcherry-ready-to-package/) - [AAV-CMV-Luc-PEST Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cmv-luc-pest-ready-to-package/) - [Codon optimized PEST sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/codon-optimized-pest-sequence/) - 5'-TCC CAC GGC TTC CCC CCC GAG GTC GAG GAG CAG GCC GCC GGC ACC CTC CCC ATG AGC TGC GCC CAG GAG AGC GGC ATG GAC AGG CAC CCC GCC GCC TGC GCC AGC GCC AGG ATC AAC GTC TAA -3' - [AAV VP1 Sequence Blast Serotype 9 vs Serotype PHP.B](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-vp1-sequence-blast-serotype-9-vs-serotype-php-b/) - Query 1 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD 60 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD Sbjct 1 MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYKYLGPGNGLD 60 Query 61 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ 120 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ Sbjct 61 KGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQERLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQ 120 Query 121 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE 180 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE Sbjct 121 AKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQEPDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTE 180 Query 181 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI 240 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI Sbjct 181 SVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGSLTMASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVI 240 Query 241 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR 300 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR Sbjct 241 TTSTRTWALPTYNNHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQR 300 Query 301 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH 360 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH Sbjct 301 LINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPYVLGSAH 360 Query - [VP1 of rAAV Serotype 9](https://signagen.com/blog/vp1-of-raav-serotype-9/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaaccttagtgaaggaattcgcgagtggtgggctttgaaacctggagcccctcaacccaaggcaaatcaacaacatcaagacaacgctcgaggtcttgtgcttccgggttacaaataccttggacccggcaacggactcgacaagggggagccggtcaacgcagcagacgcggcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaggccggagacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagttccaggagcggctcaaagaagatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggcttcttgaacctcttggtctggttgaggaagcggctaagacggctcctggaaagaagaggcctgtagagcagtctcctcaggaaccggactcctccgcgggtattggcaaatcgggtgcacagcccgctaaaaagagactcaatttcggtcagactggcgacacagagtcagtcccagaccctcaaccaatcggagaacctcccgcagccccctcaggtgtgggatctcttacaatggcttcaggtggtggcgcaccagtggcagacaataacgaaggtgccgatggagtgggtagttcctcgggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggggacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacctgggccctgcccacctacaacaatcacctctacaagcaaatctccaacagcacatctggaggatcttcaaatgacaacgcctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggggtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcctaagcgactcaacttcaagctcttcaacattcaggtcaaagaggttacggacaacaatggagtcaagaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacggtccaggtcttcacggactcagactatcagctcccgtacgtgctcgggtcggctcacgagggctgcctcccgccgttcccagcggacgttttcatgattcctcagtacgggtatctgacgcttaatgatggaagccaggccgtgggtcgttcgtccttttactgcctggaatatttcccgtcgcaaatgctaagaacgggtaacaacttccagttcagctacgagtttgagaacgtacctttccatagcagctacgctcacagccaaagcctggaccgactaatgaatccactcatcgaccaatacttgtactatctctcaaagactattaacggttctggacagaatcaacaaacgctaaaattcagtgtggccggacccagcaacatggctgtccagggaagaaactacatacctggacccagctaccgacaacaacgtgtctcaaccactgtgactcaaaacaacaacagcgaatttgcttggcctggagcttcttcttgggctctcaatggacgtaatagcttgatgaatcctggacctgctatggccagccacaaagaaggagaggaccgtttctttcctttgtctggatctttaatttttggcaaacaaggaactggaagagacaacgtggatgcggacaaagtcatgataaccaacgaagaagaaattaaaactactaacccggtagcaacggagtcctatggacaagtggccacaaaccaccagagtgcccaagcacaggcgcagaccggctgggttcaaaaccaaggaatacttccgggtatggtttggcaggacagagatgtgtacctgcaaggacccatttgggccaaaattcctcacacggacggcaactttcacccttctccgctgatgggagggtttggaatgaagcacccgcctcctcagatcctcatcaaaaacacacctgtacctgcggatcctccaacggccttcaacaaggacaagctgaactctttcatcacccagtattctactggccaagtcagcgtggagatcgagtgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaacccggagatccagtacacttccaactattacaagtctaataatgttgaatttgctgttaatactgaaggtgtatatagtgaaccccgccccattggcaccagatacctgactcgtaatctgtaa - [AAV8-U6-sgRNA-CBh-Cre-WPRE Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-u6-sgrna-cbh-cre-wpre-ready-to-package/) - AAV8-U6-sgRNA-CBh-Cre-WPRE Ready to Package - [AAV-TRAC-HRv2-P2A1928z-P2A41BBL Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-trac-hrv2-p2a1928z-p2a41bbl-ready-to-package/) - AAV-TRAC-HRv2-P2A1928z-P2A41BBL Ready to Package - [Gene Editing of CD+8 and CD+4 T Cell Genome via rAAV Transduction in Serotype 6](https://signagen.com/blog/gene-editing-of-cd8-and-cd4-t-cell-genome-via-raav-transduction-in-serotype-6/) - Highly efficient homology-driven genome editing in human T cells by combining zinc-finger nuclease mRNA and AAV6 donor delivery The adoptive transfer of engineered T cells for the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious disease is a rapidly growing field that has shown great promise in recent clinical trials. Nucleasedriven genome editing provides amethod in which to precisely target genetic changes to further - [pTRE-miniCMV or CMVtight](https://signagen.com/blog/ptre-minicmv-or-cmvtight/) - 316 bp: gagtttactccctatcagtgatagagaacgtatgtcgagtttactccctatcagtgatagagaacgatgtcgagtttactccctatcagtgatagagaacgtatgtcgagtttactccctat cagtgatagagaacgtatgtcgagtttactccctatcagtgatagagaacgtatgtcgagtttatccctatcagtgatagagaacgtatgtcgagtttactccctatcagtgatagagaa cgtatgtcgaggtaggcgtgtacggtgggaggcctatataagcagagctcgtttagtgaaccgtcagatcgcc - [LV-HB9-mCherry Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-hb9-mcherry-ready-to-package/) - LV-HB9-mCherry Ready to Package - [AAV9-GFAP-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-gfap-gfp-ready-to-package/) - AAV9-GFAP-GFP Ready to Package - [An Ancestral rAAV Serotype Anc80L65](https://signagen.com/blog/an-ancestral-raav-serotype-anc80l65/) - The researchers synthesized one of the ancestral AAVs, Anc80L65, and showed that it could infect mouse liver, muscle and retina, without eliciting a major immune response. In addition, Anc80L65 was able to mediate efficient gene transfer into macaque liver. - [Human GPR55 siRNA](https://signagen.com/blog/human-gpr55-sirna/) - Human GPR55 siRNAs: 5'-GAAUUCCGCAUGAACAUCAUU-3' 5'-GAGAAACAGCUUUAUCGUAUU-3' 5'-AAGAACAGGUGGCCCGAUUUU-3' 5'-GCUACUACUUUGUCAUCAAUU-3' - [AAV8-ApoE/AAT1-Luc Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-apoeaat1-luc-ready-to-package/) - AAV8-ApoE/AAT1-Luc Ready to Package - [LV-HB9-GFP Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-hb9-gfp-ready-to-package/) - LV-HB9-GFP Ready to Package - [A Novel AAV Capsid AAV-AS Was Recently Identified](https://signagen.com/blog/a-novel-aav-capsid-aav-as-was-recently-identified/) - A novel vector AAV-AS, generated by the insertion of a poly-alanine peptide, is capable of extensive gene transfer throughout the CNS after systemic administration in adult mice. AAV-AS is 6- and 15-fold more efficient than AAV9 in spinal cord and cerebrum, respectively. The neuronal transduction profile varies across brain regions but is particularly high in - [AAV-CaMKIIa-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-camkiia-hm4dgi-mcherry-ready-to-package/) - AAV-CaMKIIa-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry Ready to Package - [AAV Serotype PHP.B2 VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-serotype-php-b2-vp1-sequence/) - atggctgccgatggttatcttccagattggctcgaggacaaccttagtgaaggaattcgcgagtggtgggctttgaaacctggagcccctcaacccaaggcaa atcaacaacatcaagacaacgctcgaggtcttgtgcttccgggttacaaataccttggacccggcaacggactcgacaagggggagccggtcaacgcagcagacgc ggcggccctcgagcacgacaaggcctacgaccagcagctcaaggccggagacaacccgtacctcaagtacaaccacgccgacgccgagttccaggagcggctcaaaga agatacgtcttttgggggcaacctcgggcgagcagtcttccaggccaaaaagaggcttcttgaacctcttggtctggttgaggaagcggctaagacggctcctgga aagaagaggcctgtagagcagtctcctcaggaaccggactcctccgcgggtattggcaaatcgggtgcacagcccgctaaaaagagactcaatttcggtcagact ggcgacacagagtcagtcccagaccctcaaccaatcggagaacctcccgcagccccctcaggtgtgggatctcttacaatggcttcaggtggtggcgcaccagtgg cagacaataacgaaggtgccgatggagtgggtagttcctcgggaaattggcattgcgattcccaatggctgggggacagagtcatcaccaccagcacccgaacc tgggccctgcccacctacaacaatcacctctacaagcaaatctccaacagcacatctggaggatcttcaaatgacaacgcctacttcggctacagcaccccctgggg gtattttgacttcaacagattccactgccacttctcaccacgtgactggcagcgactcatcaacaacaactggggattccggcctaagcgactcaacttcaagctctt caacattcaggtcaaagaggttacggacaacaatggagtcaagaccatcgccaataaccttaccagcacggtccaggtcttcacggactcagactatcagctccc gtacgtgctcgggtcggctcacgagggctgcctcccgccgttcccagcggacgttttcatgattcctcagtacgggtatctgacgcttaatgatggaagccaggcc gtgggtcgttcgtccttttactgcctggaatatttcccgtcgcaaatgctaagaacgggtaacaacttccagttcagctacgagtttgagaacgtacctttccatag cagctacgctcacagccaaagcctggaccgactaatgaatccactcatcgaccaatacttgtactatctctctagaactattaacggttctggacagaatcaacaaa cgctaaaattcagtgtggccggacccagcaacatggctgtccagggaagaaactacatacctggacccagctaccgacaacaacgtgtctcaaccactgtgactca aaacaacaacagcgaatttgcttggcctggagcttcttcttgggctctcaatggacgtaatagcttgatgaatcctggacctgctatggccagccacaaagaagga gaggaccgtttctttcctttgtctggatctttaatttttggcaaacaaggtaccggcagagacaacgtggatgcggacaaagtcatgataaccaacgaagaagaa attaaaactactaacccggtagcaacggagtcctatggacaagtggccacaaaccaccagagtgcccaaagtgtgagtaagccttttttggcacaggcgcagacc ggttgggttcaaaaccaaggaatacttccgggtatggtttggcaggacagagatgtgtacctgcaaggacccatttgggccaaaattcctcacacggacggcaa ctttcacccttctccgctgatgggagggtttggaatgaagcacccgcctcctcagatcctcatcaaaaacacacctgtacctgcggatcctccaacggccttcaacaa ggacaagctgaactctttcatcacccagtattctactggccaagtcagcgtggagatcgagtgggagctgcagaaggaaaacagcaagcgctggaacccggaga tccagtacacttccaactattacaagtctaataatgttgaatttgctgttaatactgaaggtgtatatagtgaaccccgccccattggcaccagatacctgactcgtaatctgtaa - [AAV Serotype PHP.B VP1 Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-serotype-php-b-vp1-sequence/) - AAV-PHP.B is a capsid variant derived from AAV serotype 9 that additionally contains the heptapeptide TLAVPFK. This AAV variant can cross the blood-brain barrier after intravenous injection and was selected for a more efficient (40-fold higher compared to AAV-9) and long-lasting (> 365 days) transgene expression throughout the adult CNS. AAV-PHP.B transduces astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and - [Novel AAV Serotypes to Penetrate Blood-brain Barrier for Full Transgene Expression in CNS](https://signagen.com/blog/novel-aav-serotypes-to-penetrate-blood-brain-barrier-for-full-transgene-expression-in-cns/) - Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are commonly used vehicles for in vivo gene transfer. However, the tropism repertoire of naturally occurring AAVs is limited, prompting a search for novel AAV capsids with desired characteristics. Here we describe a capsid selection method, called Cre recombination–based AAV targeted evolution (CREATE), that enables the development of AAV capsids that - [LV-ChAT-GFP-WPRE Lentivirus Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-chat-gfp-wpre-ready-to-package/) - LV-ChAT-GFP-WPRE Lentivirus Ready to Package - [Several Published siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/several-published-sirnas/) - iRNA sequences JAK1 #1 CCACAUAGCUGAUCUGAAA JAK1 #2 GACAUGAUAUUGAGAACGA JAK1 #3 UUACAAGGAUGACGAAGGA JAK1 #4 CGGAUGAGGUUCUAUUUCA JAK2 SP GAGCAAAGAUCCAAGACUA GCCAGAAACUUGAAACUUA GAUCCUGGCAUUAGUAUUA ACAGAAUGCUGGAACAAUA TYK2 SP GCAUCCACAUUGCACAUAA UCAAAUACCUAGCCACACU CAAUCUUGCUGACGUCUUG CACAAGGACCAACGUGUAU JAK3 SP GCGCCUAUCUUUCUCCUUU CCAGAAAUCGUAGACAUUA CCUCAUCUCUUCAGACUAU UGUACGAGCUCUUCACCUA GP130-IL6ST SP GCCAGAAGAUCUACAAUUA GGAACUGUCUAGUAUCUUA GGAGUGCUGUUCUGCUUUA CAGUAAAUCUCACAAAUGA GP130-IL6ST #1 CUAAUUACAUUGUCUGGAA GP130-IL6ST #2 CUAAGGAGCAAUAUACUAU GP130-IL6ST #3 UAAAUAUUCAGCUCACUUG STAT1 SP AGAAAGAGCUUGACAGUAA UAAAGGAACUGGAUAUAUC GAGCUUCACUCCCUUAGUU GAACCUGACUUCCAUGCGG STAT2 SP - [A Validated siRNA Targeting Mouse/Rat RGS4/5](https://signagen.com/blog/a-validated-rgs5-sirna/) - RGS5 : CAGACUCUGCUGUUGACCUUGUCAU GGUGAACAUUGACCACUUCACUAAA RGS4: AAAGCUGCCAGUCCACAUUCAUGGU - [Overview of Lentivirus Pseudotypes](https://signagen.com/blog/overview-of-lentivirus-pseudotypes-2/) - Overview of Lentivirus Pseudotypes Family Genus Species Vector References Rhabdoviridae Vesiculovirus Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana virus) HIV-1 [Akkina, 1996][Naldini, 1996][Reiser, 1996] HIV-2 [Poeschla, 1998a] FIV [Poeschla, 1998b] EIAV [Olsen, 1998] BIV [Berkowitz, 2001a] JDV [Metharom, 2000] VV [Berkowitz, 2001b] CAEV [Mselli-Lakhal, 2000] Chandipura virus EIAV [Wong, 2004] Lyssavirus Rabies virus HIV-1 [Mochizuki, 1998] EIAV [Mitrophanous, - [LV-HB9-Citrine-WPRE Lentivirus Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/lv-hb9-citrine-wpre-lentivirus-ready-to-package/) - LV-HB9-Citrine-WPRE Lentivirus Ready to Package - [A universal DNA qPCR based approach for lentivirus titration](https://signagen.com/blog/a-universal-dna-qpcr-based-approach-for-lentivirus-titration/) - A quantitative, DNA-based, real-time PCR approach to determine the number of lentivirus particles that are present in vector preparations was reported. In this approach, the minus strong-stop cDNA fragment that is present in viral capsids serves as template for PCR. Using this technology, it was found that only 0.1%–1% of the virus particles that are present in vector preparations are infectious. The approach is rapid, - [Primers targeting minus strong-stop cDNA fragment for lentivirus titration](https://signagen.com/blog/primers-targeting-minus-strong-stop-cdna-fragment-for-lentivirus-titration/) - Forward: 5′-AGCTTGCCTTGAGTGCTTCA-3′ Reverse: 5′-TGACTAAAAGGGTCTGAGGGA-3′ - [Optimal MOIs for Some Cells Infected with Lentivirus](https://signagen.com/blog/optimal-mois-for-some-cells-infected-with-lentivirus/) - Cell line Tissue Cancer/cell type Species MOI A431 Epithelial Carcinoma Human 5 A549 Lung Carcinoma Human 5 Astrocytes Nervous system Primary Human 1 B16-F10 Epithelial Melanoma, metastatic Mouse 5 BMM Bone Marrow Primary Human 8 BxPC-3 Pancreas, epithelial Adenocarcinoma Human 10 H3255 Lung Carcinoma, NSCLC Human 10 HCT116 Colon Carcinoma Human 5 HeLa Cervix Carcinoma, epitheloid Human 3 HEK293T Kidney Tumor Human 5 - [What is the termination sequence for U6 promoter?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-the-u6-promoter-termination-sequence/) - The termination sequence for the U6 promoter is a series of T's (5-6) in a row. - [What is the U6 promoter transcription start site?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-the-u6-promoter-transcription-start-site/) - The "G" that you mentioned is in fact the "preferred" transcription start site, however, this can be replaced by any other nucleotide. It's just that U6 prefers "G" as the first transcribed nucleotide and that makes the transcription more efficient. You will find many examples of this in vectors available for transcription of shRNA or - [Several shRNAs Validated](https://signagen.com/blog/several-shrnas-validated/) - 5′-GATCCCCGAAAGTACATTTTCAACTGTTCAAGAGACAGTTGAAAATGTACTTTCTTTTTGGAAA-3′ (HIPK2-1376 sense), 5′-AGCTTTTCCAAAAAGAAAAGTACATTTTCAACGTCTCTTGAACAGTTGAAAATGTACTTTCGGG-3′ (HIPK2-1376 antisense), 5′-GATCCCCGAACCACACGTGCTTGGTCTTCAAGAGAGACCAAGCACGTGTGGTTCTTTTTGGAAA-3′ (HIpk2-789 sense), and 5′-AGCTTTTCCAAAAAGAACCACACGTGCTTGGTCTCTCTTGAAGACCAAGCACGTGTGGTTCGGG-3′ (HIPK2-789 antisense). 5′-GATCCCCCAACAGGAGAGTCATTGTTTTCAAGAGAAACAATGACTCTCCTGTTGTTTTTGGAAA-3′ (Gal3-551, sense), 5′-AGCTTTTCCAAAAACAACAGGAGAGTCATTGTTTCTCTTGAAAACAATGACTCTCCTGTTGGGG-3′ (Gal3-551, antisense), 5′-GATCCCCACCTTACATGTGTAAAGGTTTCAAGAGAACCTTTACACATGTAAGGTTTTTTGGAAA-3′ (Gal3-845, sense), and 5′-AGCTTTTCCAAAAAACCTTACATGTGTAAAGGTTCTCTTGAAACCTTTACACATGTAAGGTGGG-3′ (Gal3-845, antisense). - [Two shRNAs Targeting Mouse PDXP](https://signagen.com/blog/two-shrnas-targeting-mouse-pdxp/) - Two shRNAs Targeting Mouse PDXP CCGGCAAGCCCAGCCCTTACATGTTCTCGAGAACATGTAAGGGCTGGGCTTGTTTTTG CCGGCTGGAGACCGACATACTCTTTCTCGAGAAAGAGTATGTCGGTCTCCAGTTTTTG - [Target sequences for generation of ATG5 or ATG7 siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/target-sequences-for-generation-of-atg5-or-atg7-sirnas/) - Target sequences for generation of ATG5 or ATG7 siRNAs siRNA construct Target sequences (5′–3′) atg5 Construct 1 CAACGTGCTTTACTCTCTA Construct 2 TGAGATAACTGAACGAGAA Construct 3 ATCTGAGCTATCCAGACAA Scrambled GTCCCGGATACCTAATAAA atg7 Construct 1 ACTACAATGGTGACTCTGC Construct 2 CTCAAGCTGATGTGCTGGC Construct 3 TACTGTTATTGCAGCCAGC Scrambled GGATCGCTGGCGCTATCTA - [Several Stealth Select siRNAs Target Region Sequences](https://signagen.com/blog/several-stealth-select-sirnas-target-region-sequences/) - Stealth Select siRNAs targeting ​ ATG5 (no. 1; 5′-G​G​U​U​U​G​G​A​C​G​A​A​U​U​C​C​A​A​C​U​U​G​U​U​U​-3′, no. 2; 5′-G​A​U​C​A​C​A​A​G​C​A​A​C​U​C​U​G​G​A​U​G​G​G​A​U​-3′ and no. 3; 5′-G​C​C​A​U​C​A​A​U​C​G​G​A​A​A​C​U​C​A​U​G​G​A​A​U​-3′); BECN1 (no. 1; 5′-C​C​A​C​U​C​U​G​U​G​A​G​G​A​A​U​G​C​A​C​A​G​A​U​A​-3′, no. 2; 5′-G​G​A​U​G​A​U​G​A​G​C​U​G​A​A​G​A​G​U​G​U​U​G​A​A​-3′ and no. 3; 5′-A​C​A​G​U​G​A​A​U​U​U​A​A​A​C​G​A​C​A​G​C​A​G​C​U​-3′); ​ ATG7 (no. 1; 5′-G​C​C​G​U​C​A​U​U​G​C​U​G​C​A​A​G​C​A​A​G​A​G​A​A​-3′, no. 2; 5′-U​C​U​U​C​G​A​A​G​U​G​A​A​G​C​U​U​C​C​A​G​A​A​A​U​-3′ and no. 3; 5′-C​C​A​A​U​C​C​U​G​U​G​A​G​G​A​A​G​C​C​U​C​U​C​U​A​-3′); ​ STUB1 (no. 1; 5′-G​G​C​A​A​U​C​G​U​C​U​G​U​U​C​G​U​G​G​G​C​C​G​A​A​-3′ and no. 2; 5′-C​C​A​G​C​G​C​U​C​U​U​C​G​A​A​U​C​G​C​G​A​A​G​A​A​-3′); ​ MDM2 (no. 1; 5′-U​A​G​U​U​G​A​C​C​U​G​U​C​U​A​U​A​A​G​A​G​A​A​U​U​-3′ and no. - [Several Validated siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/several-validated-sirnas-3/) - Several validated siRNAs Name Sequence (5'-3') Target SRSF1 siRNA #1 CGGGUUAAAGUUGAUGGGCCCAGAA exon 4 SRSF1 siRNA #2 UAGCAGAUCUCGCUCUCGUACAUAA exon 4 SRSF2 siRNA #1 UCGCCUUCGUUCGCUUUCACGACAA exon 1 SRSF2 siRNA #2 CCCAGUGUCCAAGAGGGAAUCCAAA exon 2 SRSF3 siRNA #1 CCUGUCCAUUGGACUGUAAGGUUUA exon 2 SRSF3 siRNA #2 CAAUGGCAACAAGACGGAAUUGGAA exon 2 HIPK2 siRNA #1 UAUCAAGGAGGCUCACAGUGCUUCG exon 2 HIPK2 siRNA #2 UUAGUAUGGAGACUUCGGGAUUGGC 81 5’-nt - [hAsCpf1-NLS-3xHA Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/hascpf1-sequence/) - Full Sequence of hAsCpf1-NLS-3xHA Sequence: ATGACACAGTTCGAGGGCTTTACCAACCTGTATCAGGTGAGCAAGACACTGCGGTTTGAGCTGATCCCACAGGGCAAGACCCTGAAGCACATCCAGGAGCAGGGCT TCATCGAGGAGGACAAGGCCCGCAATGATCACTACAAGGAGCTGAAGCCCATCATCGATCGGATCTACAAGACCTATGCCGACCAGTGCCTGCAGCTGGTGCAGCT GGATTGGGAGAACCTGAGCGCCGCCATCGACTCCTATAGAAAGGAGAAAACCGAGGAGACAAGGAACGCCCTGATCGAGGAGCAGGCCACATATCGCAATGCCA TCCACGACTACTTCATCGGCCGGACAGACAACCTGACCGATGCCATCAATAAGAGACACGCCGAGATCTACAAGGGCCTGTTCAAGGCCGAGCTGTTTAATGGCAA GGTGCTGAAGCAGCTGGGCACCGTGACCACAACCGAGCACGAGAACGCCCTGCTGCGGAGCTTCGACAAGTTTACAACCTACTTCTCCGGCTTTTATGAGAACAGG AAGAACGTGTTCAGCGCCGAGGATATCAGCACAGCCATCCCACACCGCATCGTGCAGGACAACTTCCCCAAGTTTAAGGAGAATTGTCACATCTTCACACGCCTGA TCACCGCCGTGCCCAGCCTGCGGGAGCACTTTGAGAACGTGAAGAAGGCCATCGGCATCTTCGTGAGCACCTCCATCGAGGAGGTGTTTTCCTTCCCTTTTTATAAC CAGCTGCTGACACAGACCCAGATCGACCTGTATAACCAGCTGCTGGGAGGAATCTCTCGGGAGGCAGGCACCGAGAAGATCAAGGGCCTGAACGAGGTGCTGAAT CTGGCCATCCAGAAGAATGATGAGACAGCCCACATCATCGCCTCCCTGCCACACAGATTCATCCCCCTGTTTAAGCAGATCCTGTCCGATAGGAACACCCTGTCTTT CATCCTGGAGGAGTTTAAGAGCGACGAGGAAGTGATCCAGTCCTTCTGCAAGTACAAGACACTGCTGAGAAACGAGAACGTGCTGGAGACAGCCGAGGCCCTGTT TAACGAGCTGAACAGCATCGACCTGACACACATCTTCATCAGCCACAAGAAGCTGGAGACAATCAGCAGCGCCCTGTGCGACCACTGGGATACACTGAGGAATGC CCTGTATGAGCGGAGAATCTCCGAGCTGACAGGCAAGATCACCAAGTCTGCCAAGGAGAAGGTGCAGCGCAGCCTGAAGCACGAGGATATCAACCTGCAGGAGA TCATCTCTGCCGCAGGCAAGGAGCTGAGCGAGGCCTTCAAGCAGAAAACCAGCGAGATCCTGTCCCACGCACACGCCGCCCTGGATCAGCCACTGCCTACAACCC TGAAGAAGCAGGAGGAGAAGGAGATCCTGAAGTCTCAGCTGGACAGCCTGCTGGGCCTGTACCACCTGCTGGACTGGTTTGCCGTGGATGAGTCCAACGAGGTG GACCCCGAGTTCTCTGCCCGGCTGACCGGCATCAAGCTGGAGATGGAGCCTTCTCTGAGCTTCTACAACAAGGCCAGAAATTATGCCACCAAGAAGCCCTACTCCG TGGAGAAGTTCAAGCTGAACTTTCAGATGCCTACACTGGCCTCTGGCTGGGACGTGAATAAGGAGAAGAACAATGGCGCCATCCTGTTTGTGAAGAACGGCCTGT ACTATCTGGGCATCATGCCAAAGCAGAAGGGCAGGTATAAGGCCCTGAGCTTCGAGCCCACAGAGAAAACCAGCGAGGGCTTTGATAAGATGTACTATGACTACT TCCCTGATGCCGCCAAGATGATCCCAAAGTGCAGCACCCAGCTGAAGGCCGTGACAGCCCACTTTCAGACCCACACAACCCCCATCCTGCTGTCCAACAATTTCATC GAGCCTCTGGAGATCACAAAGGAGATCTACGACCTGAACAATCCTGAGAAGGAGCCAAAGAAGTTTCAGACAGCCTACGCCAAGAAAACCGGCGACCAGAAGGGC TACAGAGAGGCCCTGTGCAAGTGGATCGACTTCACAAGGGATTTTCTGTCCAAGTATACCAAGACAACCTCTATCGATCTGTCTAGCCTGCGGCCATCCTCTCAGTA TAAGGACCTGGGCGAGTACTATGCCGAGCTGAATCCCCTGCTGTACCACATCAGCTTCCAGAGAATCGCCGAGAAGGAGATCATGGATGCCGTGGAGACAGGCAA GCTGTACCTGTTCCAGATCTATAACAAGGACTTTGCCAAGGGCCACCACGGCAAGCCTAATCTGCACACACTGTATTGGACCGGCCTGTTTTCTCCAGAGAACCTGG CCAAGACAAGCATCAAGCTGAATGGCCAGGCCGAGCTGTTCTACCGCCCTAAGTCCAGGATGAAGAGGATGGCACACCGGCTGGGAGAGAAGATGCTGAACAAGA AGCTGAAGGATCAGAAAACCCCAATCCCCGACACCCTGTACCAGGAGCTGTACGACTATGTGAATCACAGACTGTCCCACGACCTGTCTGATGAGGCCAGGGCCCT GCTGCCCAACGTGATCACCAAGGAGGTGTCTCACGAGATCATCAAGGATAGGCGCTTTACCAGCGACAAGTTCTTTTTCCACGTGCCTATCACACTGAACTATCAGG CCGCCAATTCCCCATCTAAGTTCAACCAGAGGGTGAATGCCTACCTGAAGGAGCACCCCGAGACACCTATCATCGGCATCGATCGGGGCGAGAGAAACCTGATCTA TATCACAGTGATCGACTCCACCGGCAAGATCCTGGAGCAGCGGAGCCTGAACACCATCCAGCAGTTTGATTACCAGAAGAAGCTGGACAACAGGGAGAAGGAGAG GGTGGCAGCAAGGCAGGCCTGGTCTGTGGTGGGCACAATCAAGGATCTGAAGCAGGGCTATCTGAGCCAGGTCATCCACGAGATCGTGGACCTGATGATCCACTAC CAGGCCGTGGTGGTGCTGGAGAACCTGAATTTCGGCTTTAAGAGCAAGAGGACCGGCATCGCCGAGAAGGCCGTGTACCAGCAGTTCGAGAAGATGCTGATCGAT AAGCTGAATTGCCTGGTGCTGAAGGACTATCCAGCAGAGAAAGTGGGAGGCGTGCTGAACCCATACCAGCTGACAGACCAGTTCACCTCCTTTGCCAAGATGGGCA CCCAGTCTGGCTTCCTGTTTTACGTGCCTGCCCCATATACATCTAAGATCGATCCCCTGACCGGCTTCGTGGACCCCTTCGTGTGGAAAACCATCAAGAATCACGAGA GCCGCAAGCACTTCCTGGAGGGCTTCGACTTTCTGCACTACGACGTGAAAACCGGCGACTTCATCCTGCACTTTAAGATGAACAGAAATCTGTCCTTCCAGAGGGGC CTGCCCGGCTTTATGCCTGCATGGGATATCGTGTTCGAGAAGAACGAGACACAGTTTGACGCCAAGGGCACCCCTTTCATCGCCGGCAAGAGAATCGTGCCAGTGAT CGAGAATCACAGATTCACCGGCAGATACCGGGACCTGTATCCTGCCAACGAGCTGATCGCCCTGCTGGAGGAGAAGGGCATCGTGTTCAGGGATGGCTCCAACATC CTGCCAAAGCTGCTGGAGAATGACGATTCTCACGCCATCGACACCATGGTGGCCCTGATCCGCAGCGTGCTGCAGATGCGGAACTCCAATGCCGCCACAGGCGAGG ACTATATCAACAGCCCCGTGCGCGATCTGAATGGCGTGTGCTTCGACTCCCGGTTTCAGAACCCAGAGTGGCCCATGGACGCCGATGCCAATGGCGCCTACCACAT CGCCCTGAAGGGCCAGCTGCTGCTGAATCACCTGAAGGAGAGCAAGGATCTGAAGCTGCAGAACGGCATCTCCAATCAGGACTGGCTGGCCTACATCCAGGAGCT GCGCAACAAAAGGCCGGCGGCCACGAAAAAGGCCGGCCAGGCAAAAAAGAAAAAGGGATCCTACCCATACGATGTTCCAGATTACGCTTATCCCTACGACGTGCC TGATTATGCATACCCATATGATGTCCCCGACTATGCCTAA - [Several Validated siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/several-validated-sirnas-2/) - PLEKHM1 (cDNA) # 1 GCAAAGUCCUGGCAUCCUA # 2 GAACGCGUCUCUGUACGAG VPS11 (cDNA) GAAACGAGAUCUCCAUGAU VPS41 (cDNA) GAGAAUGAAUGUAGAGAU RAB7A (cDNA) # 1 GUACAAAGCCACAAUAGGA # 2 AAACGGAGGUGGAGCUGUA - [Gln tRNA Promoter](https://signagen.com/blog/gln-trna-promoter/) - GGTTCCATGGTGTAATGGTTAGCACTCTGGACTCTGAATCCAGCGATCCGAGTTCAAATCTCGGTGGAACCT - [AAV-TBG-saCas9-U6-sgRNA Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-tbg-sacas9-u6-sgrna-ready-to-package/) - AAV-TBG-saCas9-U6-sgRNA Ready to Package - [AAV-tRNA-sgRNA-CMV-hAsCpf1 Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-trna-sgrna-cmv-ascpf1-ready-to-package/) - AAV-tRNA-sgRNA-CMV-hAsCpf1 Ready to Package - [Several Validated siRNAs](https://signagen.com/blog/several-validated-sirnas/) - Mouse Rab9-siRNA sense, CGGCGACUAUCCUUACUUUTT and antisense, AAAGUAAGGAUAGUCGCCGTT ; mouse Beclin 1-siRNA sense, GAGUUGCCGUUAUACUGUUCU and antisense, AACAGUAUAACGGCAACUCCU ; mouse LAMP-2A-siRNA sense, GAGGAGUACUUAUUCUAGUGU and antisense, ACUAGAAUAAGUACUCCUCCC ; mouse Hsc70-siRNA sense, CGAUGAAGCUGUUGCCUAUTT and antisense, AUAGGCAACAGCUUCAUCGGG; control-siRNA sense, CGAUUCGCUAGACCGGCUUCA and antisense, UGAAGCCGGUCUAGCGAAUCG . - [Full Sequence of mt-mKeima](https://signagen.com/blog/full-sequence-of-mt-mkeima/) - ATGCATCTCGAGGCCACCATGTCCGTCCTGACGCCGCTGCTGCTGCGGGGCTTGACAGGCTCGGCCCGGCGGCTCCCAGTGCCGCGCGCCAAGATCCAT TCGTTGCCGCCGGAGGGGAAGCTTGGGATGTCCGTCCTGACGCCGCTGCTGCTGCGGGGCTTGACAGGCTCGGCCCGGCGGCTCCCAGTGCCGCGCGCC AAGATCCATTCGTTGCCGCCGGAGGGGAAGCTCGGGggatccGCCATGGTGAGCGTGATCGCCAAGCAGATGACCTACAAGGTGTACATGAGCGGCACC GTGAACGGCCACTACTTCGAGGTGGAGGGCGACGGCAAGGGCAAGCCCTACGAGGGCGAGCAGACCGTGAAGCTGACCGTGACCAAGGGTGGCCCCC TGCCCTTCGCCTGGGACATCCTGAGCCCCCAGCTCCAGTACGGCAGCATCCCCTTCACCAAGTACCCCGAGGACATCCCCGACTACTTCAAGCAGAGCTT CCCCGAGGGCTACACCTGGGAGCGCAGCATGAACTTCGAGGACGGCGCCGTGTGCACCGTGAGCAACGACAGCAGCATCCAGGGCAACTGCTTCATCT ACAACGTGAAGATCAGCGGCGAGAACTTCCCCCCCAACGGCCCCGTGATGCAGAAGAAGACCCAGGGCTGGGAGCCCAGCACCGAGCGCCTGTTCGC CCGCGACGGAATGCTGATCGGCAACGACTACATGGCCCTGAAGCTGGAGGGCGGCGGCCACTACCTGTGCGAGTTCAAGAGCACCTACAAGGCCAAGA AGCCCGTGAGGATGCCCGGCCGCCACGAGATCGACCGCAAGCTGGACGTGACCAGCCACAACCGCGACTACACCAGCGTGGAGCAGTGCGAGATCGCC ATCGCCCGCCACTCCCTGCTGGGCTAA - [AAV-EF1a-FRT-mCherry-WPRE and AAV-CAG-FRT-GFP-WPRE Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-ef1a-frt-mcherry-wpre-and-aav-cag-frt-gfp-wpre-ready-to-package/) - AAV-EF1a-FRT-mCherry-WPRE and AAV-CAG-FRT-GFP-WPRE Ready to Package - [siRNAs targeting human Caspase](https://signagen.com/blog/sirnas-targeting-human-caspase/) - Human Caspase-1 target region: AAGGGGCACAGGCATGCCAAA Human Apaf-1 target region: : AATTGGTGCACTTTTACGTGA Human Caspase-2 target region: AAACAGCTGTTGTTGAGCGA - [AAV-CMV-SpCas9-HF1 (Cas9 High-fidelity Version) Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cmv-spcas9-hf1-cas9-high-fidelity-version-ready-to-package/) - AAV-CMV-SpCas9-HF1 (Cas9 High-fidelity Version) Ready to Package - [Effective delivery of large genes to the retina by dual AAV vectors](https://signagen.com/blog/effective-delivery-of-large-genes-to-the-retina-by-dual-aav-vectors/) - Retinal gene therapy with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is safe and effective in humans. However, AAV’s limited cargo capacity prevents its application to therapies of inherited retinal diseases due to mutations of genes over 5 kb, like Stargardt’s disease (STGD) and Usher syndrome type IB (USH1B). Previous methods based on ‘forced’ packaging of large genes - [Full Sequence of the Inducible Caspase 9 (iCasp9)](https://signagen.com/blog/full-sequence-of-the-inducible-caspase-9-icasp9/) - atgctcgagggagtgcaggtggaGacTatctccccaggagacgggcgcaccttccccaagcgcggccagacctgcgtggtgcactacaccgggatgctt gaagatggaaagaaagttgattcctcccgggacagaaacaagccctttaagtttatgctaggcaagcaggaggtgatccgaggctgggaagaaggg gttgcccagatgagtgtgggtcagagagccaaactgactatatctccagattatgcctatggtgccactgggcacccaggcatcatcccaccacatgccact ctcgtcttcgatgtggagcttctaaaactggaatctggcggtggatccggagtcgacggatttggtgatgtcggtgctcttgagagtttgaggggaaatg cagatttggcttacatcctgagcatggagccctgtggccactgcctcattatcaacaatgtgaacttctgccgtgagtccgggctccgcacccgcactggct ccaacatcgactgtgagaagttgcggcgtcgcttctcctcgctgcatttcatggtggaggtgaagggcgacctgactgccaagaaaatggtgctggcttt gctggagctggcgcGgcaggaccacggtgctctggactgctgcgtggtggtcattctctctcacggctgtcaggccagccacctgcagttcccaggggct gtctacggcacagatggatgccctgtgtcggtcgagaagattgtgaacatcttcaatgggaccagctgccccagcctgggagggaagcccaagctcttt ttcatccaggcctgtggtggggagcagaaagaccatgggtttgaggtggcctccacttcccctgaagacgagtcccctggcagtaaccccgagccagat gccaccccgttccaggaaggtttgaggaccttcgaccagctggacgccatatctagtttgcccacacccagtgacatctttgtgtcctactctactttcccag gttttgtttcctggagggaccccaagagtggctcctggtacgttgagaccctggacgacatctttgagcagtgggctcactctgaagacctgcagtccctc ctgcttagggtcgctaatgctgtttcggtgaaagggatttataaacagatgcctggttgctttaatttcctccggaaaaaacttttctttaaaacatcagtcg actatccgtacgacgtaccagactacgcactcgactaa - [AAV-CMV-OptoSTIM1 Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cmv-optostim1-ready-to-package/) - AAV-CMV-OptoSTIM1 Ready to Package - [Common Epitope Tags](https://signagen.com/blog/common-epitope-tags/) - Common Epitope Tags Tag Protein Sequence DNA Sequence* FLAG DYKDDDDK GAC TAC AAA GAC GAT GAC GAC AAG HA YPYDVPDYA TAC CCA TAC GAT GTT CCA GAT TAC GCT His HHHHHH CAC CAC CAC CAC CAC CAC Myc EQKLISEEDL GAA CAA AAA CTC ATC TCA GAA GAG GAT CTG V5 GKPIPNPLLGLDST Xpress DLDDDDK or DLYDDDDK - [pHuji, a pH-sensitive red fluorescent protein for imaging of exo- and endocytosis.](https://signagen.com/blog/phuji-a-ph-sensitive-red-fluorescent-protein-for-imaging-of-exo-and-endocytosis/) - atggtgagcaagggcgaggagaataacatggccatcatcaaggagttcatgcgcttcaaggtgcacatggagggctccgtgaacggcca cgagttcgagatcgagggcgagggcgagggccgcccctacgaggcctttcagaccgctaagctgaaggtgaccaagggtggccccctgcc cttcgcctgggacatcctgtcccctcagttcatgtacggctccaaggtctacattaagcacccagccgacatccccgactacttcaagctgtcct tccccgagggcttcaggtgggagcgcgtgatgaacttcgaggacggcggcattattcacgttaaccaggactcctccctgcaggacggcgt gttcatctacaaggtgaagctgcgcggcaccaacttcccctccgacggccccgtaatgcagaagaagaccatgggctgggaggcctccgag gagcggatgtaccccgaggacggcgccctgaagagcgagattaagtataggctgaagctgaaggacggcggccactacgccgccgaggt caagaccacctacaaggccaagaagcccgtgcagctgcccggcgcctacatcgtggacatcaagttggacatcgtgtcccacaacgaggacta caccatcgtggaacagtacgaacgcgccgagggccgccactccaccggcggcatggacgagctgtacaagGctagCTAA - [mEos3.2](https://signagen.com/blog/meos3-2/) - Monomeric variant of green-to-red photoswitchable fluorescent protein EosFP, engineered for reduced aggregation relative to mEos2. ATGAGTGCGATTAAGCCAGACATGAAGATCAAACTCCGTATGGAAGGCAACGTAAACGGGCACCACTTTGTGATCGACGGAGATGGTACAGGCAAGCC TTTTGAGGGAAAACAGAGTATGGATCTTGAAGTCAAAGAGGGCGGACCTCTGCCTTTTGCCTTTGATATCCTGACCACTGCATTCCATTACGGCAACAGG GTATTCGCCAAATATCCAGACAACATACAAGACTATTTTAAGCAGTCGTTTCCTAAGGGGTATTCGTGGGAACGAAGCTTGACTTTCGAAGACGGGGGC ATTTGCAACGCCAGAAACGACATAACAATGGAAGGGGACACTTTCTATAATAAAGTTCGATTTTATGGTACCAACTTTCCCGCCAATGGTCCAGTTATGC AGAAGAAGACGCTGAAATGGGAGCCCTCCACTGAGAAAATGTATGTGCGTGATGGAGTGCTGACGGGTGATATTGAGATGGCTTTGTTGCTTGAAGGA AATGCCCATTACCGATGTGACTTCAGAACTACTTACAAAGCTAAGGAGAAGGGTGTCAAGTTACCAGGCGCCCACTTTGTGGACCACTGCATTGAGATT TTAAGCCATGACAAAGATTACAACAAGGTTAAGCTGTATGAGCATGCTGTTGCTCATTCTGGATTGCCTGACAATGCCAGACGATAA - [AAV-CMV-pHuji Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cmv-phuji-ready-to-package/) - AAV-CMV-pHuji Ready to Package - [AAV-CMV-saCas9-U6-sgRNA(Scramble) Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-cm-sacas9-u6-sgrnascramble-ready-to-package/) - AAV-CMV-saCas9-U6-sgRNA(Scramble) Ready to Package - [AAV-EF1a-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-YFP-WPRE Ready to Package](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-ef1a-dio-hchr2h134r-yfp-wpre-ready-to-package/) - AAV-EF1a-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-YFP-WPRE Ready to Package - [rAAVs for Cre-dependent transgene expression](https://signagen.com/blog/two-raavs-for-cre-dependent-gfp-expression/) - [AAV-mediated gene delivery of BDNF or GDNF is neuroprotective in a model of Huntington disease.](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-mediated-gene-delivery-of-bdnf-or-gdnf-is-neuroprotective-in-a-model-of-huntington-disease/) - Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons in the striatum. Neurotrophic factors have demonstrated neuroprotective actions on striatal neurons, suggesting that increased neurotrophic factor expression may prevent or reduce neuronal loss in the HD brain. We investigated whether enhanced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic - [rAAV cis vectors available for easy packaging Cas9 and sgRNA in one rAAV](https://signagen.com/blog/raav-cis-vectors-available-for-easy-packaging-cas9-and-sgrna-in-one-raav/) - [A Novel Synthetic AAV Capsid 8BP2 for Efficient Transduction of Retinal Bipolar Cells](https://signagen.com/blog/efficient-transduction-and-optogenetic-stimulation-of-retinal-bipolar-cells-by-a-synthetic-aav-capsid-8bp2/) - The map of AAV serotype 8BP2 - [Full Sequence of Ace2N-4AA-mNeon, A Novel Calcium Sensor](https://signagen.com/blog/full-sequence-of-ace2n-4aa-mneon-a-novel-calcium-sensor/) - atggctgacgtggaaaccgagaccggcatgattgcacagtggattgtctttgctattatggctgctgctgctattgcttttggagtggctgtgcactttcggccttcagagctgaagagcgcatactatatcaac attgccatctgcactatcgccgctaccgcttactatgcaatggccgtgaactaccaggacctgacaatgaatggtgaaaggcaggtggtctacgcaagatatattaactgggtgctgaccacaccactgctcctg ctcgatctcatcgtcatgaccaagatgggcggagtgatgatttcttgggtcatcggcgcagacattttcatgatcgtgtttggtattctgggcgccttcgaggatgaacacaagttcaaatgggtgtactttatcg ctggatgtgtgatgcaggcagtcctgacatacgggatgtataacgccacttggaaagacgatctgaagaaaagccccgagtaccatagctcctatgtcagtctgctcgtcttcctgtcaatcctctgggtgtttt atcctgtcgtgtgggctttcgggtctggtagtggcgtgctgtccgtcgacaatgaggccattctcatgggaatcctggatgtgctcgctaagccactgtttggaatggggtgcctcattgcccatgagactatctt caagaagatgctgaggtctctcccagcgacacatgagttacacatctttggctccatcaacggtgtggactttgacatggtgggtcagggcaccggcaatccaaatgatggttatgaggagttaaacctgaagt ccaccaagggtgacctccagttctccccctggattctggtccctcatatcgggtatggcttccatcagtacctgccctaccctgacgggatgtcgcctttccaggccgccatggtagatggctccggataccaagtcc atcgcacaatgcagtttgaagatggtgcctcccttactgttaactaccgctacacctacgagggaagccacatcaaaggagaggcccaggtgaaggggactggtttccctgctgacggtcctgtgatgaccaact cgctgaccgctgcggactggtgcaggtcgaagaagacttaccccaacgacaaaaccatcatcagtacctttaagtggagttacaccactggaaatggcaagcgctacaggagcactgcgcggaccacctacac ctttgccaagccaatggcggctaactatctgaagaaccagccgatgtacgtgttccgtaagacggagctcaagcactccaagaccgagctcaacttcaaggagtggcaaaaggcctttaccgatgtgatgggcat ggacgagctgtacaagaagagcaggatcaccagcgagggcgagtacatccccctggaccagatcgacatcaacgtgttctgctacgagaacgaggtgtaatga - [AAV–BDNF mediated attenuation of quinolinic acid-induced neuropathology and motor function impairment](https://signagen.com/blog/aav-bdnf-mediated-attenuation-of-quinolinic-acid-induced-neuropathology-and-motor-function-impairment/) - Maintenance and plasticity of striatal neurons is dependant on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is depleted in the Huntington's disease striatum due to reduced expression and disrupted corticostriatal transportation. In this study we demonstrate that overexpression of BDNF in the striatum attenuates motor impairment and reduces the extent of striatal damage following quinolinic acid lesioning. - [mIFP Full Sequence](https://signagen.com/blog/mifp-full-sequence/) - atgtcggtaccgctgactacctcagcattcggccacgcgtttctggctaactgtgaacgcgagcagatccacctggcgggctccattcagccgcac ggtatcctgctggctgtgaaagagccggacaacgtggtgatccaggcttctattaacgctgcggagttcctgaacaccaactctgttgttggcc gtccgctgcgtgacctgggcggcgatctgcctttgcagatcctgccgcacctgaacggcccgctgcacctggctccgatgaccctgcgttgtacc gtgggttctccgccgcgtcgtgtggactgtaccattcatcgtccgtctaacggcggcctgatcgtagaactggaaccagcaaccaagaccact aacattgcgccggctctggacggtgcgtttcatcgtatcacttcttcatcctccctgatgggcctgtgtgacgaaaccgcgactattatccgtgaga ttactggctacgaccgtgtgatggtagtacgtttcgatgaagagggtaatggcgaaattctgtccgaacgtcgtcgtgcggacctggaagcgtt cctgggtaaccgctacccggcgtctactattccgcagatcgctcgtcgcctgtacgaacataaccgtgttcgcctgctggtagatgtgaactat actccggttccgctacagccgcgcatcagcccgctgaacggtcgtgatctggatatgtccctgtcttgcctgcgctctatgtccccgatccacca gaaatacatgcaggacatgggcgttggcgcgaccctggtttgctctctgatggtgtctggtcgtctgtggggtctgatcgcttgccaccacta cgaaccgcgcttcgttccgttccacattcgcgctgctggcgaagcgctggcggaaacttgtgcgatccgcatcgcgacgctggagagcttt gcacagtctcagtccaaatga - [Comparative Analysis of Cesium Chloride- and Iodixanol-Based Purification of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Preclinical Applications.](https://signagen.com/blog/comparative-analysis-of-cesium-chloride-and-iodixanol-based-purification-of-recombinant-adeno-associated-viral-vectors-for-preclinical-applications/) - Cesium chloride (CsCl)- and iodixanol-based density gradients represent the core step in most protocols for serotype-independent adeno-associated virus (AAV) purification established to date. However, despite controversial reports about the purity and bioactivity of AAV vectors derived from each of these protocols, systematic comparisons of state-of-the-art variants of these methods are sparse. To define exact conditions - [NLSs](https://signagen.com/blog/nlss/) - SV 40 Nucleoplasmin: AVKRPAATKKAGQAKKKKLD EGL-13: MSRRRKANPTKLSENAKKLAKEVEN c-Myc: PAAKRVKLD TUS-protein: KLKIKRPVK - [Make a protein expression predominantly in membrane](https://signagen.com/blog/make-a-protein-expression-predominantly-in-membrane/) - A Kozak consensus sequence (CCAACCATGG) and Src myristoylation sequence (MGSSKSKPKDPSQR) are added to the N-terminal of ORF of specific gene. - [DNA Shuffling of Adeno-associated Virus Yields Functionally Diverse Viral Progeny](https://signagen.com/blog/dna-shuffling-of-adeno-associated-virus-yields-functionally-diverse-viral-progeny/) - Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are extremely effective gene-delivery vehicles for a broad range of applications. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these and other vectors is currently limited by barriers to safe, efficient gene delivery, including pre-existing antiviral immunity, and infection of off-target cells. Recently, we have implemented directed evolution of AAV, involving the generation of - [Universal Primers](https://signagen.com/blog/universal-primers/) - Standard primer name Sequence (5'->3') Number of bases 1629DWN CTG TAA ATC AAC AAC GCA CAG 21 3AOX1 - [Universal Primer List](https://signagen.com/blog/universal-primer-list/) - PRIMERS SEQUENCES 3’ AD 5’ (AGA TGG TGC ACG ATG CAC AG) 3’ 3 AOX1 5' (GCA AAT GGC ATT CTG ACA TCC) 3’ 5’ AD 5’ (TTC GAT GAT GAA GAT ACC CC) 3’ 5 AOX1 5' (GAC TGG TTC CAA TTG ACA AGC) 3’ BGH Reverse 5' (TAG AAG GCA CAG TCG - [Multiple Sequence Alignment](https://signagen.com/blog/multiple-sequence-alignment/) - http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/ - [Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy](https://signagen.com/blog/exosomes-and-microvesicles-extracellular-vesicles-for-genetic-information-transfer-and-gene-therapy/) - Exosomes and microvesicles are extracellular nanovesicles released by most but not all cells. They are specifically equipped to mediate intercellular communication via the transfer of genetic information, including the transfer of both coding and non-coding RNAs, to recipient cells. As a result, both exosomes and microvesicles play a fundamental biological role in the regulation of - [Systemically Injected Exosomes Targeted to EGFR Deliver Antitumor MicroRNA to Breast Cancer Cells](https://signagen.com/blog/systemically-injected-exosomes-targeted-to-egfr-deliver-antitumor-microrna-to-breast-cancer-cells/) - Despite the therapeutic potential of nucleic acid drugs, their clinical application has been limited in part by a lack of appropriate delivery systems. Exosomes or microvesicles are small endosomally derived vesicles that are secreted by a variety of cell types and tissues. Here, we show that exosomes can efficiently deliver microRNA (miRNA) to epidermal growth - [Exosome](https://signagen.com/blog/exosome/) - Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that are present in many and perhaps all biological fluids, including blood, urine, and cultured medium of cell cultures. The reported diameter of exosomes is between 30 and 100 nm, which is larger than LDL, but much smaller than for example, red blood cells. Exosomes are either released from the cell - [Sequence of 2xITR in scAAV cis Vector](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-2xitr-in-scaav-cis-vector/) - LTR left: GGCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGGGAGTGGCCAACTCCATCACTAGGGGTTCCTGGAGGGGTGGAGTCGTGA LTR right: CCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGGGA - [Sequence of 2xITR in rAAV cis Vector](https://signagen.com/blog/sequence-of-2xitr-in-raav-cis-vector/) - ITR Left (1-142): CCTGCAGGCAGCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGCCCGGGCAAAGCCCGGGCGTCGGGCGACCTTTGGTCGCCCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGAGAGGGAGTGGCCAACTCCATCACTAGGGGTTCCTG ITR Right (1-142): GGAACCCCTAGTGATGGAGTTGGCCACTCCCTCTCTGCGCGCTCGCTCGCTCACTGAGGCCGGGCGACCAAAGGTCGCCCGACGCCCGGGCTTTGCCCGGGCGGCCTCAGTGAGCGAGCGAGCGCGCAGCTGCCTGCAGGG - [What is THP-1 Cell?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-thp-1-cell/) - THP1 is a human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient. It is used to test leukemia cell lines in immunocytochemical analysis of protein-protein interaction, and immunohistochemistry. Cell Characteristics Growth Information Note that although THP-1 cells are of the same lineage, mutations can cause differences as the progeny proliferates. Characteristics These cells - [Good transgene expression measured by CAI](https://signagen.com/blog/good-transgene-expression-measured-by-cai/) - Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) of your gene is 0.81. A CAI of 1.0 is considered ideal while a CAI of >0.8 is rated as good for expression in the desired expression organism. The lower the number, the higher the chance that your gene will be expressed poorly. The ideal percentage range of GC content is - [Codon Adaptation Index](https://signagen.com/blog/codon-adaptation-index/) - The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) is the most widespread technique for analyzing Codon usage bias. As opposed to other measures of codon usage bias, such as the 'effective number of codons' (Nc), which measure deviation from a uniform bias (null hypothesis), CAI measures the deviation of a given protein coding gene sequence with respect to - [Codon usage bias](https://signagen.com/blog/codon-usage-bias/) - Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. A codon is a series of three nucleotides (a triplet) that encodes a specific amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain or for the termination of translation (stop codons). There are 64 different codons (61 codons encoding for - [How to optimize a synthetic gene for a specific specie](https://signagen.com/blog/how-to-optimize-orf-codons-for-a-specific-specie/) - Refer to https://www.idtdna.com/CodonOpt - [Tough Decoy Design Strategy](https://signagen.com/blog/tough-decoy-design-strategy/) - [Managing MicroRNAs with Vector-Encoded Decoy-Type Inhibitors](https://signagen.com/blog/managing-micrornas-with-vector-encoded-decoy-type-inhibitors/) - A rapidly growing understanding of the complex circuitry of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene regulation is attracting attention to miRNAs as new drug targets. Targeted miRNA suppression is achieved in a sequence-specific manner by antisense RNA “decoy” molecules. Such synthetic miRNA inhibitors have reached the clinic with remarkable pace and may soon appear as new therapeutic modalities - [Going viral: chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for hematological malignancies.](https://signagen.com/blog/going-viral-chimeric-antigen-receptor-t-cell-therapy-for-hematological-malignancies/) - On July 1, 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration granted 'breakthrough therapy' designation to CTL019, the anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy developed at the University of Pennsylvania. This is the first personalized cellular therapy for cancer to be so designated and occurred 25 years after the first publication describing genetic redirection of - [CAR T-CELL BIOTECH IPOs](https://signagen.com/blog/car-t-cell-biotech-ipos/) - Company Date Value Kite Pharma June 2014 $134.1 million Bellicum December 2014 $160 million Juno December 2014 $264.6 million Cellectis March 2015 $228 million - [CAR T-CELL DEALS](https://signagen.com/blog/car-t-cell-deals/) - Institution/Company Date Partner Terms University of Pennsylvania August 2012 Novartis Undisclosed Celgene March 2013 Bluebird Bio, Baylor College of Medicine Unspecified upfront payment plus up to $225 million per product in option fees and milestone payments Cellectis June 2014 Pfizer $80 million upfront plus up to $185 million per product and royalties Cellectis January 2015 - [AAV9 VRs and their reported functional roles](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-vrs-and-their-reported-functional-roles/) - AAV9 VRs and their reported functional roles. Refer to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3393551 VR AAV9 aa Reported functional role(s) References VR-I 262–269 Unknown in AAV9 VR-II 327–332 DE loop at the 5-fold channel; possible role in genome packaging VR-III 382–386 Unknown in AAV9 VR-IV 452–460 aa 456–476, liver transduction efficiency determinant; aa 456-568, delayed blood clearance phenotype 37, - [Nucleotide and amino acid identities between rodent and other AAV capsids](https://signagen.com/blog/nucleotide-and-amino-acid-identities-between-rodent-and-other-aav-capsids/) - AAV-mo.1 AAV-ra.1 AAV-1 AAV-2 AAV-hu.2 AAV-3a AAV-4 AAV-5 AAV-7 AAV-8 AAV-9 Avian Snake % Amino acid identity AAV-mo.1 100 58 56 56 56 55 51 53 56 56 56 50 50 AAV-ra.1 58 100 52 52 52 50 46 58 52 52 52 47 48 % Nucleotide identity AAV-mo.1 100 60 59 58 59 - [AAV5 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MSFVDHPPDW LEEVGEGLRE FLGLEAGPPK PKPNQQHQDQ ARGLVLPGYN 60 70 80 90 100 YLGPGNGLDR GEPVNRADEV AREHDISYNE QLEAGDNPYL KYNHADAEFQ 110 120 130 140 150 EKLADDTSFG GNLGKAVFQA KKRVLEPFGL VEEGAKTAPT GKRIDDHFPK 160 170 180 190 200 RKKARTEEDS KPSTSSDAEA GPSGSQQLQI PAQPASSLGA DTMSAGGGGP 210 220 230 240 250 LGDNNQGADG VGNASGDWHC DSTWMGDRVV TKSTRTWVLP SYNNHQYREI 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV10 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav10-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDNLSEGIR EWWDLKPGAP KPKANQQKQD DGRGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPFNGLD KGEPVNAADA AALEHDKAYD QQLKAGDNPY LRYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLQEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRVLEPLG LVEEAAKTAP GKKRPVEPSP 160 170 180 190 200 QRSPDSSTGI GKKGQQPAKK RLNFGQTGES ESVPDPQPIG EPPAGPSGLG 210 220 230 240 250 SGTMAAGGGA PMADNNEGAD GVGSSSGNWH CDSTWLGDRV ITTSTRTWAL 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV1 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav1-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDNLSEGIR EWWDLKPGAP KPKANQQKQD DGRGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPFNGLD KGEPVNAADA AALEHDKAYD QQLKAGDNPY LRYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLQEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRVLEPLG LVEEGAKTAP GKKRPVEQSP 160 170 180 190 200 QEPDSSSGIG KTGQQPAKKR LNFGQTGDSE SVPDPQPLGE PPATPAAVGP 210 220 230 240 250 TTMASGGGAP MADNNEGADG VGNASGNWHC DSTWLGDRVI TTSTRTWALP 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV7 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav7-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDNLSEGIR EWWDLKPGAP KPKANQQKQD NGRGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPFNGLD KGEPVNAADA AALEHDKAYD QQLKAGDNPY LRYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLQEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRVLEPLG LVEEGAKTAP AKKRPVEPSP 160 170 180 190 200 QRSPDSSTGI GKKGQQPARK RLNFGQTGDS ESVPDPQPLG EPPAAPSSVG 210 220 230 240 250 SGTVAAGGGA PMADNNEGAD GVGNASGNWH CDSTWLGDRV ITTSTRTWAL 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV4 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav4-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MTDGYLPDWL EDNLSEGVRE WWALQPGAPK PKANQQHQDN ARGLVLPGYK 60 70 80 90 100 YLGPGNGLDK GEPVNAADAA ALEHDKAYDQ QLKAGDNPYL KYNHADAEFQ 110 120 130 140 150 QRLQGDTSFG GNLGRAVFQA KKRVLEPLGL VEQAGETAPG KKRPLIESPQ 160 170 180 190 200 QPDSSTGIGK KGKQPAKKKL VFEDETGAGD GPPEGSTSGA MSDDSEMRAA 210 220 230 240 250 AGGAAVEGGQ GADGVGNASG DWHCDSTWSE GHVTTTSTRT WVLPTYNNHL 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV9 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav9-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDNLSEGIR EWWALKPGAP QPKANQQHQD NARGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPGNGLD KGEPVNAADA AALEHDKAYD QQLKAGDNPY LKYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLKEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRLLEPLG LVEEAAKTAP GKKRPVEQSP 160 170 180 190 200 QEPDSSAGIG KSGAQPAKKR LNFGQTGDTE SVPDPQPIGE PPAAPSGVGS 210 220 230 240 250 LTMASGGGAP VADNNEGADG VGSSSGNWHC DSQWLGDRVI TTSTRTWALP 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV3B Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav3b-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDNLSEGIR EWWALKPGVP QPKANQQHQD NRRGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPGNGLD KGEPVNEADA AALEHDKAYD QQLKAGDNPY LKYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLQEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRILEPLG LVEEAAKTAP GKKRPVDQSP 160 170 180 190 200 QEPDSSSGVG KSGKQPARKR LNFGQTGDSE SVPDPQPLGE PPAAPTSLGS 210 220 230 240 250 NTMASGGGAP MADNNEGADG VGNSSGNWHC DSQWLGDRVI TTSTRTWALP 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV8 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDNLSEGIR EWWALKPGAP KPKANQQKQD DGRGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPFNGLD KGEPVNAADA AALEHDKAYD QQLQAGDNPY LRYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLQEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRVLEPLG LVEEGAKTAP GKKRPVEPSP 160 170 180 190 200 QRSPDSSTGI GKKGQQPARK RLNFGQTGDS ESVPDPQPLG EPPAAPSGVG 210 220 230 240 250 PNTMAAGGGA PMADNNEGAD GVGSSSGNWH CDSTWLGDRV ITTSTRTWAL 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV6 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav6-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDNLSEGIR EWWDLKPGAP KPKANQQKQD DGRGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPFNGLD KGEPVNAADA AALEHDKAYD QQLKAGDNPY LRYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLQEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRVLEPFG LVEEGAKTAP GKKRPVEQSP 160 170 180 190 200 QEPDSSSGIG KTGQQPAKKR LNFGQTGDSE SVPDPQPLGE PPATPAAVGP 210 220 230 240 250 TTMASGGGAP MADNNEGADG VGNASGNWHC DSTWLGDRVI TTSTRTWALP 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV4 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav4-complete-genome/) - 1 ttggccactc cctctatgcg cgctcgctca ctcactcggc cctggagacc aaaggtctcc 61 agactgccgg cctctggccg gcagggccga gtgagtgagc gagcgcgcat agagggagtg 121 gccaactcca tcatctaggt ttgcccactg acgtcaatgt gacgtcctag ggttagggag 181 gtccctgtat tagcagtcac gtgagtgtcg tatttcgcgg agcgtagcgg agcgcatacc 241 aagctgccac gtcacagcca cgtggtccgt ttgcgacagt ttgcgacacc atgtggtcag 301 gagggtatat aaccgcgagt gagccagcga ggagctccat tttgcccgcg aattttgaac 361 gagcagcagc catgccgggg ttctacgaga tcgtgctgaa ggtgcccagc gacctggacg 421 agcacctgcc cggcatttct gactcttttg tgagctgggt ggccgagaag - [AAV3 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav3-complete-genome/) - 1 ttggccactc cctctatgcg cactcgctcg ctcggtgggg cctggcgacc aaaggtcgcc 61 agacggacgt gctttgcacg tccggcccca ccgagcgagc gagtgcgcat agagggagtg 121 gccaactcca tcactagagg tatggcagtg acgtaacgcg aagcgcgcga agcgagacca 181 cgcctaccag ctgcgtcagc agtcaggtga cccttttgcg acagtttgcg acaccacgtg 241 gccgctgagg gtatatattc tcgagtgagc gaaccaggag ctccattttg accgcgaaat 301 ttgaacgagc agcagccatg ccggggttct acgagattgt cctgaaggtc ccgagtgacc 361 tggacgagcg cctgccgggc atttctaact cgtttgttaa ctgggtggcc gagaaggaat 421 gggacgtgcc gccggattct gacatggatc cgaatctgat tgagcaggca - [AAV6 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav6-complete-genome/) - 1 ttggccactc cctctctgcg cgctcgctcg ctcactgagg ccgggcgacc aaaggtcgcc 61 cgacgcccgg gctttgcccg ggcggcctca gtgagcgagc gagcgcgcag agagggagtg 121 gccaactcca tcactagggg ttcctggagg ggtggagtcg tgacgtgaat tacgtcatag 181 ggttagggag gtcctgtatt agaggtcacg tgagtgtttt gcgacatttt gcgacaccat 241 gtggtcacgc tgggtattta agcccgagtg agcacgcagg gtctccattt tgaagcggga 301 ggtttgaacg cgcagcgcca tgccggggtt ttacgagatt gtgattaagg tccccagcga 361 ccttgacgag catctgcccg gcatttctga cagctttgtg aactgggtgg ccgagaagga 421 atgggagttg ccgccagatt ctgacatgga tctgaatctg attgagcagg - [AAV8 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav8-complete-genome/) - 1 cagagaggga gtggccaact ccatcactag gggtagcgcg aagcgcctcc cacgctgccg 61 cgtcagcgct gacgtaaatt acgtcatagg ggagtggtcc tgtattagct gtcacgtgag 121 tgcttttgcg gcattttgcg acaccacgtg gccatttgag gtatatatgg ccgagtgagc 181 gagcaggatc tccattttga ccgcgaaatt tgaacgagca gcagccatgc cgggcttcta 241 cgagatcgtg atcaaggtgc cgagcgacct ggacgagcac ctgccgggca tttctgactc 301 gtttgtgaac tgggtggccg agaaggaatg ggagctgccc ccggattctg acatggatcg 361 gaatctgatc gagcaggcac ccctgaccgt ggccgagaag ctgcagcgcg acttcctggt 421 ccaatggcgc cgcgtgagta aggccccgga ggccctcttc tttgttcagt - [AAV1 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav1-complete-genome/) - 1 ttgcccactc cctctctgcg cgctcgctcg ctcggtgggg cctgcggacc aaaggtccgc 61 agacggcaga gctctgctct gccggcccca ccgagcgagc gagcgcgcag agagggagtg 121 ggcaactcca tcactagggg taatcgcgaa gcgcctccca cgctgccgcg tcagcgctga 181 cgtaaattac gtcatagggg agtggtcctg tattagctgt cacgtgagtg cttttgcgac 241 attttgcgac accacgtggc catttagggt atatatggcc gagtgagcga gcaggatctc 301 cattttgacc gcgaaatttg aacgagcagc agccatgccg ggcttctacg agatcgtgat 361 caaggtgccg agcgacctgg acgagcacct gccgggcatt tctgactcgt ttgtgagctg 421 ggtggccgag aaggaatggg agctgccccc ggattctgac atggatctga - [AAV5 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav5-complete-genome/) - 1 ctctcccccc tgtcgcgttc gctcgctcgc tggctcgttt gggggggtgg cagctcaaag 61 agctgccaga cgacggccct ctggccgtcg cccccccaaa cgagccagcg agcgagcgaa 121 cgcgacaggg gggagagtgc cacactctca agcaaggggg ttttgtaagc agtgatgtca 181 taatgatgta atgcttattg tcacgcgata gttaatgatt aacagtcatg tgatgtgttt 241 tatccaatag gaagaaagcg cgcgtatgag ttctcgcgag acttccgggg tataaaagac 301 cgagtgaacg agcccgccgc cattctttgc tctggactgc tagaggaccc tcgctgccat 361 ggctaccttc tatgaagtca ttgttcgcgt cccatttgac gtggaggaac atctgcctgg 421 aatttctgac agctttgtgg actgggtaac tggtcaaatt tgggagctgc - [AAV2 Complete Genome](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-complete-genome/) - 1 ttggccactc cctctctgcg cgctcgctcg ctcactgagg ccgggcgacc aaaggtcgcc 61 cgacgcccgg gctttgcccg ggcggcctca gtgagcgagc gagcgcgcag agagggagtg 121 gccaactcca tcactagggg ttcctggagg ggtggagtcg tgacgtgaat tacgtcatag 181 ggttagggag gtcctgtatt agaggtcacg tgagtgtttt gcgacatttt gcgacaccat 241 gtggtcacgc tgggtattta agcccgagtg agcacgcagg gtctccattt tgaagcggga 301 ggtttgaacg cgcagccgcc atgccggggt tttacgagat tgtgattaag gtccccagcg 361 accttgacga gcatctgccc ggcatttctg acagctttgt gaactgggtg gccgagaagg 421 aatgggagtt gccgccagat tctgacatgg atctgaatct gattgagcag - [AAV2 Capsid Protein VP3](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-capsid-protein-vp3/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MATGSGAPMA DNNEGADGVG NSSGNWHCDS TWMGDRVITT STRTWALPTY 60 70 80 90 100 NNHLYKQISS QSGASNDNHY FGYSTPWGYF DFNRFHCHFS PRDWQRLINN 110 120 130 140 150 NWGFRPKRLN FKLFNIQVKE VTQNDGTTTI ANNLTSTVQV FTDSEYQLPY 160 170 180 190 200 VLGSAHQGCL PPFPADVFMV PQYGYLTLNN GSQAVGRSSF YCLEYFPSQM 210 220 230 240 250 LRTGNNFTFS YTFEDVPFHS SYAHSQSLDR LMNPLIDQYL YYLSRTNTPS 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV2 Capsid Protein VP2](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-capsid-protein-vp2/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAPGKKRPVE HSPVEPDSSS GTGKAGQQPA RKRLNFGQTG DADSVPDPQP 60 70 80 90 100 LGQPPAAPSG LGTNTMATGS GAPMADNNEG ADGVGNSSGN WHCDSTWMGD 110 120 130 140 150 RVITTSTRTW ALPTYNNHLY KQISSQSGAS NDNHYFGYST PWGYFDFNRF 160 170 180 190 200 HCHFSPRDWQ RLINNNWGFR PKRLNFKLFN IQVKEVTQND GTTTIANNLT 210 220 230 240 250 STVQVFTDSE YQLPYVLGSA HQGCLPPFPA DVFMVPQYGY LTLNNGSQAV 260 270 280 290 300 - [AAV2 Capsid Protein VP1](https://signagen.com/blog/aav2-capsid-protein-vp1/) - 10 20 30 40 50 MAADGYLPDW LEDTLSEGIR QWWKLKPGPP PPKPAERHKD DSRGLVLPGY 60 70 80 90 100 KYLGPFNGLD KGEPVNEADA AALEHDKAYD RQLDSGDNPY LKYNHADAEF 110 120 130 140 150 QERLKEDTSF GGNLGRAVFQ AKKRVLEPLG LVEEPVKTAP GKKRPVEHSP 160 170 180 190 200 VEPDSSSGTG KAGQQPARKR LNFGQTGDAD SVPDPQPLGQ PPAAPSGLGT 210 220 230 240 250 NTMATGSGAP MADNNEGADG VGNSSGNWHC DSTWMGDRVI TTSTRTWALP 260 270 280 290 300 - [Capsid mutation(s) of rAAV leads to enhanced transduction efficiency](https://signagen.com/blog/capsid-mutations-of-raav-leads-to-enhanced-transduction-efficiency/) - AAV Serotype Capsid Mutation(s) AAV2 Y730F AAV2 Y444F AAV2 Y444F+Y730F AAV2 Y444F+Y730F+Y500F AAV2 Y444F+Y730F+Y500F+Y272F AAV8 Y733F AAV8 Y447F AAV9 Y446F AAV9 Y731F AAV9 Y446F + Y731F - [What is WPRE?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-wpre/) - Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHP) Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE) is a DNA sequence that, when transcribed creates a tertiary structure enhancing expression. Commonly used in molecular biology to increase expression of genes delivered by viral vectors. WPRE is a tripartite regulatory element with gamma, alpha, and beta components. The alpha component is 80bp long: GCCACGGCGGAACTCATCGCCGCCTGCCTTGCCCGCTGCTGGACAGGGGCTCGGCTGTTGGGCACTGACAATTCCGTGGT When - [Eukaryotic Promoter Database](https://signagen.com/blog/eukaryotic-promoter-database/) - EPDnew (Eukaryotic Promoter Database) - is a new collection of experimentally validated promoters in human, mouse, D. melanogaster and zebrafish genomes. Evidence comes from TSS-mapping from high-throughput expreriments such as CAGE and Oligocapping. ChIP-seq experiments on H2AZ, H3K4me3, Pol-II and DNA methylation are also taken into account during the analysis. Include promoter analysis tools. (Reference: - [Common promoters for eukaryotes and prokaryotes](https://signagen.com/blog/common-promoters-for-eukaryotes-and-prokaryotes/) - Eukaryotic Promoters Promoter Primarily used for RNA transcript Description Expression Additional considerations CMV General expression mRNA Stong mammalian expression promoter from the human cytomegalovirus Constitutive May contain an enhancer region. Can be silenced in some cell types. EF1a General expression mRNA Stong mammalian expression from human elongation factor 1 alpha Constitutive Tends to give consistent - [Comparison of EF-1 alpha and CMV promoterd for engineering stable tumor cell lines using rAAV](https://signagen.com/blog/comparison-of-ef-1-alpha-and-cmv-promoterd-for-engineering-stable-tumor-cell-lines-using-raav/) - Stable HT-29 clones with > 97% of all cells homogeneously expressing GFP were generated with the EF-1 alpha promoter. In contrast in clones carrying the CMV promoter, only up to 60% of the cells were GFP-positive with expression levels varying widely between cells. Superinfection with wild-type adenovirus induced GFP expression in more than 90% of - [Why EF1alpha promoter is so special?](https://signagen.com/blog/why-ef1alpha-promoter-is-so-special/) - Human elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) is a constitutive promoter of human origin that can be used to drive ectopic gene expression in various in vitro and in vivo contexts. EF-1 alpha is often useful in conditions where other promoters (such as CMV) have diminished activity or have been silenced (as in embryonic stem cells). - [Applications of Channelrhodopsin](https://signagen.com/blog/applications-of-channelrhodopsin/) - Channelrhodopsins can be readily expressed in excitable cells such as neurons using a variety of transfection techniques (viral transfection, electroporation, gene gun). The light-absorbing pigment retinal is present in most cells (of vertebrates) as Vitamin A. This makes depolarization of excitable cells straightforward and useful for bioengineering and neuroscience applications such as photostimulation of neurons - [Discovery of Channelrhodopsin](https://signagen.com/blog/history-of-channelrhodopsin/) - Motility and photoorientation of microalgae have been studied over more than hundred years in many laboratories worldwide. In 1980, Ken Foster developed the first consistent theory about the functionality of algal eyes. He also analyzed published action spectra and complemented blind cells with retinal and retinal analogues, which led to the conclusion that the photoreceptor - [Viral Particle to PFU Ratio](https://signagen.com/blog/viral-particle-to-pfu-ratio/) - [Role of Serum in Cell Culture Media](https://signagen.com/blog/role-of-serum-in-cell-culture-media/) - Serum provides > growth factors and hormones > binding and transport proteins > attachment and spreading factors > additional amino acids, vitamins and trace elements > fatty acids and lipids > protease-inhibitors > “detoxification” (due to binding and inactivation) > (colloid)osmotic pressure > reduction of shear stress - [Lentivirus Production Protocol](https://signagen.com/blog/lentivirus-production-protocol/) - Supplies: 293FT Cells (Invitrogen: R700-07) T-225 tissue culture flasks (Nunc: 159934) T-75 tissue culture flasks (Nunc: 156499) 500 cm2 tissue culture plates (Nunc: 166508) Ultracentrifuge tubes (Beckman Culture: 344058) DMEM (Cambrex: 12-604Q) UltraCULTURE (Cambrex: 12-725F) Penicillin/Steptomycin w/ L-Glutamine (Cambrex: 17-718R) Sodium Pyruvate Solution (Cambrex: 13-115E) Sodium Bicarbonate Solution (Cambrex: 17-613E) Phosphate Buffered Saline w/o Ca2+ - [Plasmids for Optogenetics Sensors from Addgene](https://signagen.com/blog/plasmids-for-optogenetics-sensors/) - Addgene's repository contains a variety of genetically encoded biosensors to monitor and measure fluctuations in molecular signals in cells, including those to monitor calcium, glutamate, pH, and voltage. These optogenetics sensors have been organized below into plasmids containing calcium sensors and other sensors. Calcium Sensors Reporter Variant Description Plasmid(s) GCaMP GCaMP2 Modified calcium indicator derived - [Fetal Bovine Serum - the Tipping Point](https://signagen.com/blog/fetal-bovine-serum-the-tipping-point/) - Users of US Fetal Bovine Serum have been watching for months and months how prices climb up along with a constantly growing shortage and with no end in sight. Yet prices have rarely a simple linear development so the question is when all this is going to change. Over the past 10 years US Fetal - [Fetal Bovine Serum Availability - How do Regulations Affect It?](https://signagen.com/blog/fetal-bovine-serum-availability-how-do-regulations-affect-it/) - Now we will talk about the influence of various regulations on the availability of Fetal Bovine Serum. It is a fact that import and export regulations have direct influence on the availability of Fetal Bovine Serum. Specific origins may or may not be allowed for importation into a country or a geographic region. Economic, political - [Summary of clinical trials using AAV gene transfer](https://signagen.com/blog/summary-of-clinical-trials-using-aav-gene-transfer/) - Disease Transgene product Serotype Route of administration Clinical trial ClinicalTrials.gov identifier Refs AAV clinical trials for inherited diseases α1 antitrypsin deficiency α1 antitrypsin AAV2 Intramuscular Phase I/II NCT00377416 101,102 AAV1 NCT00430768 Batten's disease CLN2 AAV2 Direct intracranial administration Phase I NCT00151216 90 AAVrh10 NCT01161576 Canavan's disease Aspartoacylase AAV2 Direct intracranial administration Phase I NA 89 - [Key properties of a viral vector](https://signagen.com/blog/key-properties-of-a-viral-vector/) - Viral vectors are tailored to their specific applications but generally share a few key properties: Safety: Although viral vectors are occasionally created from pathogenic viruses, they are modified in such a way as to minimize the risk of handling them. This usually involves the deletion of a part of the viral genome critical for viral - [Pre-made Lentivirus from GeneCopoeia](https://signagen.com/blog/pre-made-lentivirus-from-genecopoeia/) - Positive and negative controls: eGFP eYFP eCFP mCherry PLUM Firefly luciferase Renilla luciferase Gaussia luciferase Firefly luciferase + eGFP/mCherry Renilla luciferase + eGFP/mCherry Firefly luciferase + IRES-mCherry Renilla luciferase + IRES-mCherry Negative control miRNA scrambled controls miRNA inhibitor scrambled controls shRNA scrambled controls sgRNA scrambled controls iPSC and other commonly-used lentiviral particles: c-Myc Klf4 Oct4 - [WHAT ARE SOME DIFFERENT WAYS TO TITER LENTIVIRUS?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-are-some-different-ways-to-titer-lentivirus/) - Functional titer is defined as the number of functional vector particles required to infect a cell, present in a volume. There are several methods for measuring titer. Some are more reliable than others. Other methods include: measuring the p24 concentration/ml, measuring RNA equivalents, Transducing units/ml, or measuring mRNA equivalents. The first two are unreliable because - [PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF LENTIVIRAL VECTOR](https://signagen.com/blog/practical-applications-and-limitations-of-lentiviral-vector/) - Applications of lentivirus vectors include stable gene transfer for gene delivery in gene and cell therapy. This includes using RNA interference technology to block the expression of specific genes. Along with RNAi, lentivirus can be used to introduce a new gene into human or animal cells. These applications are possible because of lentivirus vector’s ability - [WHAT IS PSEUDOTYPING of LENTIVIRUS?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-is-pseudotyping-of-lentivirus/) - In HIV, pseudotyping is used to change the tropism of the virion. In other words, pseudotyping changes the way the Lentivector targets a specific cell for infection. In wild type HIV-1, the envelope protein recognizes and binds CD4, a molecule present of the surface of helper T cells and other immune cells. Most often, the - [WHAT MAKES LENTIVIRUS SO SPECIAL?](https://signagen.com/blog/what-makes-lentivirus-so-special-2/) - Though there are several virus delivery systems available today for gene therapy, lentivirus is considered one of the best methods. Several features make lentivirus preferable especially the ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. Lentiviral vectors can integrate their genetic cargo directly into the chromosome of the target cell but do not transfer sequences - [Overview of Lentivirus Pseudotypes](https://signagen.com/blog/overview-of-lentivirus-pseudotypes/) - Family Genus Species Vector References Rhabdoviridae Vesiculovirus Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana virus) HIV-1 [Akkina, 1996][Naldini, 1996][Reiser, 1996] HIV-2 [Poeschla, 1998a] FIV [Poeschla, 1998b] EIAV [Olsen, 1998] BIV [Berkowitz, 2001a] JDV [Metharom, 2000] VV [Berkowitz, 2001b] CAEV [Mselli-Lakhal, 2000] Chandipura virus EIAV [Wong, 2004] Lyssavirus Rabies virus HIV-1 [Mochizuki, 1998] EIAV [Mitrophanous, 1999] Mokola virus HIV-1 - [2nd vs 3rd Generation Lentiviral Production Systems](https://signagen.com/blog/2nd-vs-3rd-generation-lentiviral-production-systems/) - Feature 2nd Generation 3rd Generation Transfer Plasmid Can be packaged ONLY by a second generation packaging system that includes TAT Can be packaged by both 2nd and 3rd generation packaging systems Packaging Plasmid All on one plasmid: Gag, Pol, Rev, Tat Two plasmids: one encoding Gag and Pol and another encoding Rev Envelope Plasmid Interchangeable: - [rAAV Vector Tropism](https://signagen.com/blog/raav-vector-tropism/) - rAAV Vector Tropism: rAAV Serotype Applications (X = Recommended for use) Skeletal muscle Heart Lung CNS / Eye Liver Adipose AAV1 X X X X - - AAV2 - - - X - - AAV5 - - X X - - AAV6 X X X X X X AAV7 X - - X X - - [Real Time PCR Dyes](https://signagen.com/blog/real-time-pcr-dyes/) - Dye Structure Color Vendor Cat # Price Features SYBR Green 1 Green unstable at 4 °C SYTO-82 Orange does not inhibit PCR, show no preferential binding to GC rich sequences and does not influence melting temperature, Tm, even at high concentrations SYTO-13 Green does not inhibit PCR, show no preferential binding to GC rich sequences and - [Primers for Lentivirus Titration using qRT-PCR](https://signagen.com/blog/lentivirus-titration-using-rt-qpcr/) - Vector and region amplified Primers and probes dedicated for the amplification of lentiviral or transgenic DNA sequences Primers and probes dedicated for the amplification of internal control DNAs (cellular genome or plasmid) Ref HIV-1 (R-U5) Forward primer (78–97)(1) AGCTTGCCTTGAGTGCTTCA Reverse primer (161–141) TGACTAAAAGGGTCTGAGGGA Probe (107–129) F-TGCCCGTCTGTTGTGTGACTCTG-T Normalization with the amplification of a human albumin DNA - [Fusion Cloning, Phusion Cloning, Pfusion Cloning and Confusion PCR Cloning](https://signagen.com/blog/fusion-cloning-phusion-cloning-pfusion-cloning-and-confusion-pcr-cloning/) - In-Fusion PCR Cloning: Clontech, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7575860.html Cold Fusion Cloning Kit: SBI Fast Seamless Cloning Kit: Dogene CloneEZ Kit: Genescript GENEART Seamless Cloning and Assembly Kit: Invitrogen SLIC uses the 3' ->5' exo-nuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase to generate ssDNA overhangs in insert and vector which are required for the fusion of vector and insert - [Gibson Assembly Mix for joining two or more PCR fragments](https://signagen.com/blog/gibson-assembly-mix-for-joining-two-or-more-pcr-fragments/) - 1) Prepare 6 ml of 5X ISO Buffer in a 15 ml falcon tube as follows: 3 ml 1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.5 + 150µl 2 M MgCl2 + 240 µl 100 mM dNTP mix (25 mM each: dGTP, dCTP, dATP, dTTP) + 300µl 1 M DTT + 1.5 g PEG-8000 + 300µl 100 mM NAD + - [Rapid one-step LR recombinational cloning using an enzyme mixture containing Int, IHF and Xis (Gateway Clonase) and two step PCR amplification](https://signagen.com/blog/rapid-one-step-lr-recombinational-cloning-using-an-enzyme-mixture-containing-int-ihf-and-xis-gateway-clonase-and-two-step-pcr-amplification/) - Gene specific primers: GSS-F: SbfI Kozak GSS AGGCT cctgcagg CCACCATG NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN GSS-R: GSS * Xho1 (NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN TAG ctcgag ACCCAGCTTTC) For example: GAAAGCTGGGT ctcgag CTA N(15–25) Universal Primers attL1-F ccccGATGAGCAATGCTTTTTTATAATGCCAACTTTGTACAAAAAAGCA GGCTcctgcaggCCACCATG attL2-R (3’TAG ctcgag ACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTTGGCATTATAAGAAAGCATTGCTTATCcccc5′) ggggGATAAGCAATGCTTTCTTATAATGCCAACTTTGTACAAGAAAGCTGGGTctcgagCTA 1st PCR 2.5 ul of 10 X Pfu PCR buffer 0.5 ul of dNTPs (10 mM) 1 ul - [Home-made Gateway Clonase II](https://signagen.com/blog/home-made-gateway-clonase-ii/) - 1.Excision reaction. 44.5 mM Tris–borate (pH 8.3) 7.5 mM Tris–HCl (pH 8.0) 1.15 mM EDTA 5 mM spermidine 60 mM KCl 0.275 mg/ml BSA 15% (v/v) glycerol. Int 50~100 nM IHF 35~70 nM Xis 50~100 nM nM incubate at 37 oC for 60 min 2. Integration reaction 50 nM Int 35 nM IHF Reversible inhibitors - [SignaGen’s In Vitro siRNA Transfection Reagents](https://signagen.com/blog/signagens-in-vitro-sirna-transfection-reagents/) - siRNA Transfection Reagent Selection Chart. Reagents Features Transfection Type Toxicity PepMute™ - Exceptional good for siRNA transfection - OK for DNA/siRNA co-transfection siRNA (Yes) DNA/siRNA (No) ++ GenMute™ - Exceptional good for siRNA transfection - Excellent for DNA/siRNA co-transfection siRNA (Yes) DNA/siRNA (Yes) ++ PowerFect™ - OK for siRNA transfection - Excellent for DNA transfection - [SignaGen's In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagents](https://signagen.com/blog/signagens-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagents/) - Transfection Reagent Selection Chart. Reagents Features Transfection Type Toxicity* CalFectin™ - Traditional recipe with new formulation - Most affordable and efficient - Best for large scale virus, antibody and protein production DNA (Yes) siRNA (No) DNA/siRNA (No) ++++ GenJet™ - Low toxicity for very sensitive cells - Maximum cell viability DNA (Yes) siRNA (No) DNA/siRNA - [One-step qRT-PCR for Lentivirus Titration](https://signagen.com/blog/one-step-qrt-pcr-for-lentivirus-titration/) - 1. Extract RNA using a commercial kit 2. DNase treatment using RNase free DNase 1U/ul from Promega to digest residual plasmid DNA 3. Use ABI TaqMan One-Step RT-PCR master mix for RT-PCR. RT: (30 minutes at 48°C) using MultiscribeT Reverse Transcriptase (MuLV) PCR: 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 seconds, followed by 1 minute at - [qRT-PCR for Lentivirus Titration](https://signagen.com/blog/qrt-pcr-for-lentivirus-titration/) - 1. Make two primer probe sets U5-Psi: U5-Psi forward: TGTGTGCCCGTCTGTTGTGT U5-Psi reverse: GAGTCCTGCGTCGAGAGAGC U5-Psi probe: FAM-CAGTGGCGCCCGAACAGGGA-TAMARA WPRE: WPRE forward: CCGTTGTCAGGCAACGTG WPRE reverse: AGCTGACAGGTGGTGGCAAT WPRE probe: FAMTGCTGACGCAACCCCCACTGGT-TAMARA 2. Purify RNA from 10 ul virus stock using RNeasy. 3. Make serial dilution from 1 ul RNA 4. Use ABI One-step RT-PCR Master mix with reverse transcriptase for - [Concentrate Lentivirus by Ultra-centrifugation](https://signagen.com/blog/concentrate-lentivirus-by-ultra-centrifugation/) - Ultracentrifuge: Beckman LE 80K Rotor: SW28 Tubes: #326823 autoclaved (polyallomer) 1. Pool all viral media into and filter through a 0.45μm HV Durapore membrane (Millipore #SCHVU01RE). 2. Place tubes into rotor holders and place on a scale. Slowly add ~37ml of virus/media to each tube and balance. (One 15cm plate should correspond to one ultracentrifuge - [Lentivirus Purification by Ultra-centrifugation](https://signagen.com/blog/lentivirus-purification-by-ultra-centrifugation/) - Before Starting: Required equipments and consumbles: 1. SW-28 rotor with buckets and caps (Kept in 4C Refrigerator in Centrifuge Room) 2. SW-28 thin walled ultra clear centrifuge tubes (Beckman # 344058) 3. 0.45um filters (Corning # 431220) 4. 60mL syringes with luer lok cap (Fisher # 13-689-8) 5. UV irradiate SW-28 thin walled tubes, SW-28 - [Formulation of Lipofectamine 2000 and Lipofectin](https://signagen.com/blog/formulation-of-lipofectamine-2000-and-lipofectin/) - LIPOFECTIN is a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). LIPOFECTAMINE is a 3:1 (w/w) mixture of the polycationic lipid, 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium trifluoroacetate (DOSPA), and DOPE. - [Comparison of HSV, Adenovirus, AAV, Retrovirus and Lentivirus for Gene Delivery](https://signagen.com/blog/comparison-of-hsv-adenovirus-aav-retrovirus-and-lentivirus-for-gene-delivery/) - HSV Adenovirus AAV Retrovirus Lentivirus Genomic Integration Episomal,100% Episomal,100% Episomal >90%, Integrated Integrated Cloning Capacity 150 kb for amplicon; 40 kb for replication defective HSV 8 kb for replication defective AdV; 30 kb for HC/gutless 3.5–4.0 kb 7–8 kb 7–8 kb Tropism Broad host and cell type range, including dividing cells; preference for neurons Strong - [Lentivirus Titration via qRT-PCR](https://signagen.com/blog/lentivirus-titration-via-qrt-pcr/) - The transduction unit (TU or IFU) of the lentiviral particles was estimated using the formula which 1TU=100 copies of viral genomic RNA. The physical copy numbers of the viral genomic RNA was determined using qRT-PCR. The customer should test the transduction at MOI=0.3, 1, 3, 5, 10 for their specific cell lines in order to ## Pages - [Home](https://signagen.com/) - Custom AAV, lentiviral and adenoviral vector production — design, packaging, purification and QC for in vivo and in vitro research. Pre-made AAV, lentivirus and adenovirus vectors plus DNA/siRNA transfection reagents for biomedical researchers. - [Custom Adenoviral Backbone Synthesis](https://signagen.com/services/custom-adenoviral-backbone-synthesis/) - Synthesis and assembly of alternative adenoviral backbones (non‑Ad5 serotypes, chimeric capsids, engineered genomes). Sequence‑verified workflows addressing ~36 kb genome design and stability challenges. - [Efficient Packaging of Toxic Transgenes](https://signagen.com/services/efficient-packaging-of-toxic-transgenes/) - Ad.MAX suppresses transgene expression in packaging cells to reduce cytotoxicity, preserve cell viability, and enable efficient adenoviral vector production with robust titers for downstream research. - [Lentiviral Transfer Plasmid Verification](https://signagen.com/services/lentiviral-transfer-plasmid-verification/) - Lentiviral transfer plasmid verification: restriction digest, Sanger sequencing of promoter/GOI and junctions, diagnostic PCR and Whole Plasmid Sequencing (WPS). - [AAV Packaging via a Helper-Free System](https://signagen.com/services/aav-packaging-via-a-helper-free-system/) - AAV Packaging via Helper-Free System All AAV packaging at SignaGen Laboratories is performed using a helper-free system in HEK293T cells to maximize safety, efficiency, and consistency, eliminating the need for replication-competent helper viruses. The process begins with triple plasmid transfection, combining the AAV cis plasmid, a packaging plasmid encoding rep and cap genes, and a - [Extensive AAV Capsid Collections](https://signagen.com/services/extensive-aav-capsid-collections/) - SignaGen maintains more than 146 AAV capsid plasmids (naturally occurring, engineered and synthetic). All capsid plasmids are supplied as dual p5 cap constructs and whole‑plasmid sequencing (WPS) verified. Custom capsid cloning available: info@signagen.com - [Common Routes for AAV Administration](https://signagen.com/comprehensive-aav-injection-routes/) - Common Routes for AAV Administration Guidance on selecting appropriate administration routes for targeted tissue transduction This reference provides a concise overview of commonly used in vivo AAV delivery routes in mice, including typical injection volumes, vector doses, target tissues, and expected expression timelines. The values presented represent standard experimental ranges and may vary depending on - [Translational Disease Modeling](https://signagen.com/translational-disease-modeling/) - Translational Disease Modeling SignaGen bridges in vitro discovery and in vivo modeling by providing tissue-specific AAV serotypes and pathogenic gene delivery solutions. AAV vectors are widely used for disease modeling because of their strong safety profile, low immunogenicity, and ability to support long-term gene expression in both dividing and non-dividing cells. Compared with conventional transgenic - [Cre & FLPo recombinase systems](https://signagen.com/cre-flpo-recombinase-systems/) - Cre & FLPo Recombinase Systems SignaGen offers a comprehensive portfolio of pre-manufactured viral vectors designed for tightly regulated, inducible gene expression in mammalian systems. In parallel, we provide full-service custom vector engineering and production using adenoviral, adeno-associated viral (AAV), and lentiviral platforms to generate inducible expression constructs optimized for specific promoters, regulatory elements, and transgenes - [Tet-On/Off & Cumate–CymR  Systems](https://signagen.com/tet-on-off-cumate-cymr-systems/) - Tet-On/Off & Cumate–CymR Systems SignaGen offers a comprehensive portfolio of pre-manufactured viral vectors designed for tightly regulated, inducible gene expression in mammalian systems. In parallel, we provide full-service custom vector engineering and production using adenoviral, adeno-associated viral (AAV), and lentiviral platforms to generate inducible expression constructs optimized for specific promoters, regulatory elements, and transgenes of - [Inducible Gene Expression](https://signagen.com/inducible-gene-expression/) - Inducible Gene Expression SignaGen offers a comprehensive portfolio of pre-manufactured viral vectors designed for tightly regulated, inducible gene expression in mammalian systems. In parallel, we provide full-service custom vector engineering and production using adenoviral, adeno-associated viral (AAV), and lentiviral platforms to generate inducible expression constructs optimized for specific promoters, regulatory elements, and transgenes of interest. - [Gene Knock-ins & Knock-outs](https://signagen.com/gene-knock-ins-knock-outs/) - SignaGen In Vivo Grade viral vector production for donor DNA delivery and Cas nuclease expression. Off‑the‑shelf AAV (AAV1/2/8/9; >1E+13 VG/mL), lentiviral (LV‑EF1α‑SpCas9, LV‑CMV‑SpCas9; >1E+9 TU/mL) and adenoviral (Ad‑CMV‑SpCas9; >1E+10 PFU/mL) tools for gene knock‑in and knock‑out workflows. Custom vector design and QC-supported services. - [Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of fluoresenec proteins for in vivo imaging](https://signagen.com/off-the-shelf-viral-vectors-for-overexpression-of-fluoresenec-proteins-for-in-vivo-imaging/) - Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of fluoresenec proteins for in vivo imaging Off-the-shelf viral vectors for fluorescent protein overexpression enable direct visualization of cells and tissues for in vivo imaging applications. Common reporters such as EGFP, mCherry, and other spectral variants allow monitoring of gene expression, cell localization, tumor growth, and tissue distribution using optical - [Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of Renilla luciferase for in vivo imaging](https://signagen.com/off-the-shelf-viral-vectors-for-overexpression-of-renilla-luciferase-for-in-vivo-imaging/) - Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of Gaussia luciferase for in vivo imaging Off-the-shelf viral vectors for Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) overexpression enable sensitive bioluminescent in vivo imaging using the substrate coelenterazine. Gluc produces blue light without requiring ATP, making it suitable for monitoring gene expression, cell viability, and biological processes in diverse tissues. These ready-to-use vectors—available - [Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of AkaLuc for in vivo imaging](https://signagen.com/off-the-shelf-viral-vectors-for-overexpression-of-akaluc-for-in-vivo-imaging/) - Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of AkaLuc for in vivo imaging Off-the-shelf viral vectors for AkaLuc overexpression provide a powerful solution for ultrasensitive bioluminescent in vivo imaging. AkaLuc, used with the substrate AkaLumine, emits near-infrared light that penetrates deep tissues far more efficiently than conventional luciferases, enabling detection of small cell populations and signals from - [Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of NanoLuc for in vivo imaging](https://signagen.com/off-the-shelf-viral-vectors-for-overexpression-of-nanoluc-for-in-vivo-imaging/) - Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of NanoLuc for in vivo imaging Off-the-shelf viral vectors for NanoLuc overexpression enable highly sensitive bioluminescent in vivo imaging. NanoLuc is a small, ATP-independent luciferase that produces intense blue light using the substrate furimazine, allowing detection of low-level gene expression and small cell populations. These ready-to-use vectors—available in AdV, AAV, - [Bioluminescent In Vivo Imaging Tools](https://signagen.com/bioluminescent-in-vivo-imaging-tools/) - Bioluminescent In Vivo Imaging Tools Bioluminescent in vivo imaging enables noninvasive, real-time monitoring of biological processes in living animals by detecting light emitted from luciferase-catalyzed reactions. Reporter genes such as firefly luciferase, NanoLuc®, or AkaLuc® are delivered via plasmids or viral vectors to track gene expression, tumor progression, cell migration, infection, and therapeutic responses over - [In Vivo Imaging](https://signagen.com/in-vivo-imaging/) - In Vivo Imaging To enable real-time monitoring of biological processes, SignaGen offers a comprehensive portfolio of pre-made reporter vectors (e.g., AkaLuc, firefly luciferase, and EGFP) in adenoviral (AdV), adeno-associated viral (AAV), and lentiviral (LV) formats. These off-the-shelf products are produced at high titers and maintained in ready-to-use form, allowing rapid deployment for biodistribution, gene expression, - [Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of firefly luciferase for in vivo imaging](https://signagen.com/off-the-shelf-viral-vectors-for-overexpression-of-firefly-luciferase-for-in-vivo-imaging/) - Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of firefly luciferase for in vivo imaging Off-the-shelf viral vectors expressing firefly luciferase provide a convenient and reliable solution for bioluminescent in vivo imaging studies. These ready-to-use vectors are engineered for robust transgene expression, enabling sensitive, noninvasive monitoring of gene expression, cell viability, tumor progression, and therapeutic responses in living - [Neuroscience](https://signagen.com/neuroscience/) - Neuroscience In neuroscience, adenovirus (AdV), adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus (LV) are indispensable tools for mapping neural circuits and manipulating neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. Among these vectors, AAV has become the workhorse of modern neurobiology due to its low cytotoxicity in post-mitotic neurons and its broad diversity of serotypes (e.g., AAV9 - [Custom AAV Production Full Service](https://signagen.com/services/custom-aav-production-full-service/) - End‑to‑end AAV production: vector design and optional gene synthesis, helper‑free HEK293T packaging, ultracentrifugation purification and qPCR/ddPCR QC. Deliverables 100 µL–10 mL at >10¹³ VG/mL; ~4‑week turnaround. - [Custom Lentivirus Production Full Service for Regulation of Gene Expression](https://signagen.com/services/custom-lentivirus-production-full-service-for-regulation-of-gene-expression/) - SignaGen custom lentivirus production for shRNA, shRNAmir, miRNA, gRNA and TuD RNA. Pilot–large scale (SL100201–SL100203): 250–5,000 µL at >E+9 TU/mL. QC: RT‑qPCR, p24 ELISA, SDS‑PAGE, LAL - [High-Titer Lentivirus Production for Gene Overexpression or Lentivirus-mediated HDR](https://signagen.com/services/high-titer-lentivirus-production-for-gene-overexpression-or-lentivirus-mediated-hdr/) - SignaGen Laboratories offers end-to-end lentivirus production using HEK293‑derived producer cells and LentiMax™ packaging. Deliverables: 250–5,000 µL at >E+9 TU/mL (SKUs SL100201–SL100203). QC includes RT‑qPCR, p24 ELISA, functional transduction assays, silver‑stained SDS‑PAGE, sterility, LAL ( - [High-Titer AAV Production for Effective Gene Silencing](https://signagen.com/services/high-titer-aav-production-for-effective-gene-silencing/) - High-Titer Custom AAV Production for Effective Gene Silencing From design to delivery, we provide high-quality AAVs for precise and reproducible gene knockdown... Explore AAV Start Your Project AAV vectors can be engineered to support multiple RNA-based strategies for precise regulation of gene expression. In addition to transgene overexpression, our AAV vector design platform enables expression - [AAV Production for Gene Overexpression or AAV-mediated HDR](https://signagen.com/services/aav-production-for-gene-overexpression-or-aav-mediated-hdr/) - SignaGen Laboratories provides custom, high‑titer rAAV production (10^13–10^14 VG/mL) at pilot→giga scales (SL100865, SL100861, SL100801, SL100801‑MS, SL100801‑GS). Final deliverables from 100 µL to 100 mL (>10^13 VG/mL). Rigorous QC: qPCR or ddPCR titering, silver‑stained SDS‑PAGE (VP1/2/3), mass photometer empty/full - [Adenovirus Amplification Service](https://signagen.com/services/adenovirus-amplification-service/) - SignaGen Laboratories amplifies customer adenovirus stocks or Ad.MAX™–compatible backbones using a helper‑virus–free Ad.MAX platform. Final deliverables 1–5 mL at >5E+10 PFU/mL (in vitro or in vivo grades). QC includes PFU titer, qPCR, RCA, LAL ( - [Custom Adenovirus Production Full Service for Regulation of Gene Expression via shRNA, shRNAmir, miRNA, gRNA & TuD RNA](https://signagen.com/services/custom-adenovirus-production-full-service-for-regulation-of-gene-expression-via-shrna-shrnamir-mirna-grna-tud-rna/) - Custom Adenovirus Production Full Service for Gene Silencing Custom Adenoviral Vector Design and High-Titer Adenovirus Production Aligned with Your Gene Expression Regulation Research Requirements... Explore Adenovirus Start Your Project Adenoviral vectors can be engineered to support multiple RNA-based strategies for precise regulation of gene expression. In addition to transgene overexpression, our adenovector design platform enables - [High-Titer Adenovirus Production for Gene Overexpression or Adenovirus-mediated HDR](https://signagen.com/services/high-titer-adenovirus-production-for-gene-overexpression-or-adenovirus-mediated-hdr/) - High-Titer Adenovirus Production for Gene Overexpression or Adenovirus-mediated HDR Achieve robust gene overexpression and support HDR applications with our Ad.MAX™ adenoviral vector platform. From custom shuttle vector design to ready-to-use adenovirus for both in vitro and in vivo studies... Explore Adenovirus Start Your Project At SignaGen Laboratories, our High-Titer Adenovirus Production service delivers robust, research-grade - [AAV Packaging Service](https://signagen.com/services/aav-packaging-service/) - High‑titer AAV packaging from customer‑supplied AAV cis plasmids. Final deliverables 100 µL–10 mL at >10¹³ VG/mL (SL100864, SL100863, SL100862, SL100862‑MS). qPCR/ddPCR titration, SDS‑PAGE (VP1/2/3), LAL ( - [Technology](https://signagen.com/technology/) - VECTOR Technologies SignaGen develops cutting-edge technologies for the production of chemical transfection reagents and high-quality viral vectors RANPS™ Approach to Enhance AAV Yield Swap the original weak promoter with a strong native rAAV promoter to substantially enhance AAV production yield... LentiMAX™ Lentivirus Packaging System A 3rd gen lentiviral packaging system incorporating a inhibitory miRNA module - [Custom Adenovirus Full-Service Production](https://signagen.com/services/custom-adenovirus-full-service-production/) - SignaGen Laboratories — end‑to‑end custom adenovirus production: Ad.MAX™ shuttle vector design, optional gene synthesis, packaging, multi‑round amplification, CsCl/gel‑filtration purification, PFU & qPCR titration. Final deliverables (SL100736 / SL100701 / SL100702): 1–5 mL at >5E+10 PFU/mL; in vitro / in vivo grades; ~4‑week turnaround. QC: RCA negative, LAL - [Serotype Selection Guide](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/) - Guide to selecting AAV serotypes for in vivo (mouse) studies. Summarizes tissue tropism of commonly used serotypes (AAV1–AAV13, AAVrh8, AAVrh74) with links to tissue-specific pages and options for custom capsid synthesis. - [AAV1](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav1/) - AAV1 (primary receptor: N-linked Sialic Acid) exhibits tropism for skeletal muscle, heart and neurons. Includes historical note: vector for Glybera. High human seroprevalence (~70%) may affect antibody-mediated neutralization. - [How to Order](https://signagen.com/how-to-order/) - Place orders with SignaGen Laboratories: online 24/7 at signagen.com, by PO to orders@signagen.com, by phone 1-866-918-6812 or 301-330-5966 (Option 1), or by fax 301-560-4919. VISA, MasterCard, American Express and Discover accepted. Products are RUO. - [Why Pol III Promoters Are Technically Superior for shRNA Expression](https://signagen.com/why-pol-iii-promoters-are-technically-superior-for-shrna-expression/) - Technical overview for researchers: why Pol III promoters (U6, H1, 7SK) produce short, uncapped/non‑polyadenylated shRNA in AAV and how dual‑promoter designs enable reporter co‑expression (CMV, CAG, hSyn, GFAP). - [AAV cis Plasmid Verification](https://signagen.com/services/aav-cis-plasmid-verification/) - SignaGen verifies customer AAV cis plasmids using SmaI digestion to assess 2× ITR integrity and Whole Plasmid Sequencing (WPS) for base‑level confirmation before rAAV packaging. - [Custom Adenovirus Production Full Service](https://signagen.com/services/custom-adenovirus-production-full-service/) - Custom adenovirus production (Ad.MAX™): vector design, packaging, amplification, purification and QC — PFU titration (>5E+10 PFU/mL), RCA, LAL and mycoplasma screening. Typical ~4‑week turnaround. - [High-Precision Gene Editing](https://signagen.com/high-precision-gene-editing/) - SignaGen Laboratories offers off‑the‑shelf and custom AAV, adenovirus (AdV) and lentivirus (LV) vectors for high‑precision CRISPR/Cas9, base and prime editing. Services include gRNA design, vector construction and production (AAV production up to 100 mL; titers exceeding 1 × 10¹³ VG/mL; lentivirus up to 5.0 mL, titers >1 × 10⁹ TU/mL; adenovirus up to 5 mL, titers >5 × 10¹⁰ PFU/mL). SaCas9 is recommended for AAV due to limited packaging capacity. - [Services](https://signagen.com/services/) - SignaGen Laboratories — custom viral vector production: AAV, lentivirus, adenovirus; plasmid packaging, purification, QC and stable cell-line development for research. - [Gene Therapy](https://signagen.com/gene-therapy/) - Gene Therapy Gene therapy uses viral vectors to deliver therapeutic genes into patient cells, correcting or compensating for genetic defects. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading platform for in vivo gene therapy due to its strong safety profile, low immunogenicity, and ability to drive long-term expression in non-dividing tissues such as the brain, muscle, liver, - [Stable Cell Line Development Service](https://signagen.com/services/stable-cell-line-development-service/) - SignaGen Laboratories — Lentivirus‑based stable cell line development: vector design, transduction (HEK293, CHO, HeLa or custom), clonal isolation, RT‑qPCR/Western QC, mycoplasma & RCL testing. Deliverables 3×10^6–3×10^8 cells; typical turnaround ~7 weeks. Request a quote. - [Lentivirus Technical Benmarks](https://signagen.com/services/lentivirus-technical-benmarks/) - Explore Lentivirus 📊 1. Vector Design & Genetic Elements Benchmarks vary with application (gene delivery vs. stable integration): Key design metrics Payload capacity: ~8–10 kb (practical upper limit) Transgene cassette: promoter choice (EF1α, PGK, SFFV for robust expression; U6 for shRNA) Safety features: Self‑inactivating (SIN) 3’ LTR modification Separation of gag/pol/env into multiple helper plasmids - [Explore Stable Cells](https://signagen.com/services/explore-stable-cells/) - Overview of generating stable cell lines via lentiviral integration. Covers puromycin, blasticidin, hygromycin and G418 selection, stable pools vs single‑cell clones, and key experimental considerations. - [IP Belongs to Customer Adenovirus](https://signagen.com/services/ip-belongs-to-customer-adenovirus/) - SignaGen retains no ownership of customer adenoviral vector projects. Customers receive the final adenovirus and the fully cloned adenoviral shuttle construct; SignaGen performs design, cloning, packaging and QC per customer specifications. - [Large Shuttle Vector Collection](https://signagen.com/services/large-shuttle-vector-collection/) - Large Shuttle Vector Collection SignaGen offers an extensive library of over 400+ empty adenoviral shuttle vectors, carefully designed to provide maximum flexibility for your research. Our collection includes a wide range of promoters, introns, WPRE elements, and polyadenylation (polyA) signals, enabling precise control of transgene expression across different cell types and experimental conditions. Each vector - [Fast Turnaround - Adenovirus](https://signagen.com/services/fast-turnaround-adenovirus/) - Rapid Turnaround High-Titer Adenovirus Production At SignaGen Laboratories, efficient and streamlined production workflows enable the rapid delivery of high-titer adenovirus, typically within approximately two weeks following acceptance of the customer-supplied adenovirus stock. Our adenovirus amplification process involves multiple rounds of infection in Ad.MAX™ 293 producer cells to maximize viral yield, followed by careful purification and - [Adenovirus Purification, PFU Titration & Other QCs](https://signagen.com/services/adenovirus-purification-pfu-titration-other-qcs/) - SignaGen Laboratories: adenovirus purification via gel-filtration (size-exclusion chromatography) and ultracentrifugation–based purification. QC includes plaque-forming unit (PFU) and transduction unit (TU) titration, physical particle titration, purity assessment, sterility testing, and identity confirmation for in vitro–grade adenovirus. - [Adenovirus Packaging & Multi-round Amplification](https://signagen.com/services/adenovirus-packaging-multi-round-amplification/) - Controlled adenovirus rescue and amplification workflow: linearization of the adenoviral backbone plasmid to expose ITRs, transfection into Ad.MAX™ packaging cells, and standardized multi‑round amplification to generate high‑quality stocks for gene overexpression, HDR donor delivery, and in vitro/in vivo studies. - [Adenoviral Backbone Construction, Verification & QC](https://signagen.com/services/adenoviral-backbone-construction-verification-qc/) - SignaGen Laboratories — Ad.MAX™ adenoviral backbone construction via Gateway® recombination. Verification and QC performed by diagnostic restriction enzyme digestion and whole‑plasmid sequencing (WPS). - [Ad.MAX™ Shuttle Vector Design & Synthesis](https://signagen.com/services/ad-max-shuttle-vector-design-synthesis/) - SignaGen Laboratories applies in silico design, gene synthesis, cloning and sequence verification to produce sequence-accurate Ad.MAX™ shuttle vectors compatible with the Gateway® recombination transfer system for reliable recombination with Ad.MAX™ adenoviral backbones. - [Explore Adenovirus](https://signagen.com/services/explore-adenovirus/) - 🧬 Explore Adenovirus 🚀 A Powerful Vector Platform for Gene Delivery & Functional Studies Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are among the most versatile and robust gene delivery systems used in molecular biology, gene therapy research, vaccine development, and oncolytic applications. Their high transduction efficiency, broad tropism, and capacity for large genetic payloads make adenovirus an ideal - [Rapid Turnaround High-Titer Lentivirus Production](https://signagen.com/services/rapid-turnaround-high-titer-lentivirus-production/) - SignaGen Laboratories delivers high-titer lentivirus using streamlined workflows, typically within ~2 weeks of transfer plasmid acceptance. Expedited option (packaging initiated on Friday with early harvest on Monday) can complete production in as little as one week. For expedited projects, contact info@signagen.com. - [Lentivirus Packaging Services](https://signagen.com/services/lentivirus-packaging-services/) - Custom, scalable lentivirus packaging (customer‑supplied lentivector plasmids). HEK293T/LentiMax™ production; sucrose ultracentrifugation; RT‑qPCR titers >10⁹ TU/mL; 250–5000 µL. - [Custom Lentivirus Production Full Service](https://signagen.com/services/custom-lentivirus-production-full-service/) - SignaGen Laboratories provides full‑service, high‑titer lentivirus production: vector design and optional gene synthesis, LentiMax™ packaging, sucrose purification and RT‑qPCR titration. Final deliverables 250–5,000 µL at >10⁹ TU/mL; typical turnaround ~4 weeks. - [All LV IP Belongs to the Customer](https://signagen.com/services/all-lv-ip-belongs-to-the-customer/) - SignaGen Laboratories confirms customers retain exclusive ownership of all IP generated during design, cloning, validation and production of lentiviral vectors (GOI, cloned cis constructs). For questions: info@signagen.com. - [Custom Pseudotyped Envelope Synthesis](https://signagen.com/services/custom-pseudotyped-envelope-synthesis/) - SignaGen Laboratories — custom pseudotyped envelope synthesis. Design and gene synthesis of engineered lentiviral envelopes (measles H/F, Sindbis, mutated VSV‑G, BaEV) for tailored cell‑specific tropism. Contact info@signagen.com to discuss your project. - [Available Lentiviral Pseudotyped Envelope Options](https://signagen.com/services/available-lentiviral-pseudotyped-envelope-options/) - Overview of common lentiviral pseudotyped envelopes (VSV‑G, RD114, BaEV, Measles H/F), their effects on tropism, particle stability and 3rd‑generation production. For project inquiries: info@signagen.com. - [Large Lentivector Library](https://signagen.com/services/large-lentivector-library/) - SignaGen: >600 empty lentivectors, fully constructed, whole‑plasmid sequenced and quality‑verified. Broad promoter collection (CMV, CAG, EF1α, tissue‑specific, U6/H1) and multiple WPRE variants for tailored mammalian expression. - [High-Titer Lentivirus Production with Accelerated Turnaround](https://signagen.com/services/high-titer-lentivirus-production-with-accelerated-turnaround/) - SignaGen produces high-titer lentiviral vectors typically within ~4 weeks from lentivector cloning to shipment. An expedited packaging option can shorten production to ~3 weeks. info@signagen.com - [Cost-effective, high-quality lentiviral vector packaging services](https://signagen.com/services/cost-effective-high-quality-lentiviral-vector-packaging-services/) - SignaGen Laboratories provides cost‑effective, high‑quality lentiviral vector packaging using a validated LentiMax production system compatible with 2nd‑ and 3rd‑generation lentivectors. Typical concentrated titers >10⁹ TU/mL, optional sucrose ultracentrifugation, and QC including functional titer, sterility and endotoxin testing. Price‑match + additional 10% discount — request a quote at info@signagen.com. - [Lentivirus Purification & Quality Control](https://signagen.com/services/lentivirus-purification-quality-control/) - Lentivirus Purification & Quality Control SignaGen provides high-quality lentiviral purification using sucrose ultracentrifugation, a well-established method that yields concentrated, functional lentiviral particles while preserving infectivity. This approach is particularly suitable for research-grade and preclinical applications requiring reliable performance and consistent quality. Purification by Sucrose Ultracentrifugation Following lentiviral packaging in producer cells, viral supernatants are harvested, - [Lentivirus Packaging & Harvest](https://signagen.com/services/lentivirus-packaging-harvest/) - Overview of LentiMax™ lentivirus packaging and harvest using HEK293T producer cells. Details include LentiMax™ Packaging Mix (Gag‑Pol, Rev, VSV‑G), CalFectin™, harvest timing (24–96 h), clarification with a 0.45 µm low‑protein binding filter, centrifugation example (500 x g, 5 min), and storage (aliquot and snap‑freeze at −80°C). Contact info@signagen.com for project discussion. - [Lentivector Cloning & Verification](https://signagen.com/services/lentivector-cloning-verification/) - SignaGen Laboratories performs lentivector cloning using Gibson Assembly Cloning (GAC), restriction enzyme (RE)–based or Golden Gate assembly. Constructs are verified by diagnostic RE digests and Oxford Nanopore whole‑plasmid sequencing (WPS). - [Lentivector Design & Synthesis for Regulation of Gene Expression](https://signagen.com/services/lentivector-design-synthesis-for-regulation-of-gene-expression/) - Software-based in silico lentivector design and synthesis at SignaGen Laboratories. We digitally assemble promoters, regulatory elements and payloads, perform sequence-level checks to remove frame errors, unwanted restriction sites and recombination-prone regions, and synthesize verified DNA for shRNA, shRNAmir, miRNA, gRNA and TuD RNA. Contact info@signagen.com for details. - [Rapid Turnaround High-Titer Lentivirus Production](https://signagen.com/services/rapid-turnaround-high-titer-raav-production/) - SignaGen Laboratories provides efficient, high-titer rAAV production with typical turnaround of ~two weeks from plasmid acceptance; expedited packaging can enable ~one-week completion. Contact info@signagen.com for urgent projects. - [All AAV IP Belongs the Customer](https://signagen.com/services/all-aav-ip-belongs-the-customer/) - SignaGen Laboratories confirms that all IP generated during design, cloning, validation and packaging of recombinant AAV vectors—including final packaged vectors, cloned cis constructs, end-user GOI sequences or synthesized fragments—remains the exclusive property of the customer. For inquiries: info@signagen.com - [Custom Promoter & Capsid Synthesis](https://signagen.com/services/custom-promoter-capsid-synthesis/) - SignaGen Laboratories provides custom synthesis and validation of promoters and AAV capsids for tissue‑specific, inducible, or constitutive expression. Contact info@signagen.com. - [Large AAV cis Vector Library](https://signagen.com/services/large-aav-cis-vector-library/) - SignaGen offers a library of >1,500 sequence‑confirmed empty AAV cis vectors (whole plasmid sequencing, WPS) including diverse promoters (constitutive, tissue‑specific, Pol III), introns, WPRE variants, and polyA signals to support rapid construct selection and customization for mammalian research. - [Cost-Effective & Affordable rAAV Production](https://signagen.com/services/cost-effective-affordable-raav-production/) - SignaGen Laboratories provides cost‑effective rAAV production with price‑matching and an additional 10% discount. We maintain high titers, rigorous QC and scalable workflows. Request a price‑matched quote: info@signagen.com - [Accelerated High-Titer rAAV Production from Concept to Delivery](https://signagen.com/services/accelerated-high-titer-raav-production-from-concept-to-delivery/) - SignaGen Laboratories provides streamlined rAAV production with parallelized AAV cis‑plasmid cloning and verification plus optimized packaging, purification and quality control. Standard turnaround is approximately four weeks from project initiation to shipment; an expedited workflow can enable completion in as little as three weeks. For project-specific timelines and scheduling, contact info@signagen.com. - [AAV Purification and Quality Control](https://signagen.com/services/aav-purification-and-quality-control/) - AAV Purification & Quality Control Recombinant AAV vectors are purified via ultracentrifugation to achieve high purity and consistency, making them suitable for in vivo applications. Vector genome titers are quantified using two complementary qPCR chemistries—probe-based and SYBR Green–based—both calibrated with ATCC reference materials to ensure accurate titer normalization and batch-to-batch reproducibility. To support in vivo–grade - [AAV Vector Cloning & Verification via Nanopore WPS](https://signagen.com/services/aav-vector-cloning-verification-via-nanopore-wps/) - AAV Vector Cloning & Verification All AAV vector cloning at SignaGen Laboratories is performed in-house, ensuring precise control and quality at every step. AAV cis constructs are generated using versatile cloning strategies, including traditional restriction digestion followed by T4 ligase ligation, Gibson Assembly, or Golden Gate Assembly, selected based on vector design and sequence complexity. - [AAV Vector Design: Software-Based Precision at SignaGen](https://signagen.com/services/aav-vector-design-software-based-precision-at-signagen/) - Precision AAV Vector Design at SignaGen At SignaGen, AAV vector design for transgene overexpression and HDR donors is performed entirely in-house using advanced, software-driven platforms to ensure accuracy, consistency, and efficiency from the earliest stages of development. The design of AAV cis vectors and HDR donors is guided by the origin and nature of the - [Citations](https://signagen.com/citations/) - Citation and Publication Search SignaGen is trusted by researchers worldwide, with our products and services cited in thousands of peer-reviewed publications. Browse our citation library to explore the research enabled by our technologies. You can search by SKU or catalog number, product name, or keyword. Enter your query in any single field or combine multiple - [Request a Quote](https://signagen.com/request-a-quote/) - Request a quote from SignaGen Laboratories for research products and services. Complete the form on this page to submit project details and receive a response from our team. - [Order Tracking](https://signagen.com/order-tracking/) - [Certificate of Analysis (CoA)](https://signagen.com/certificates-of-analysis/) - Certificate of Analysis (CoA) At SignaGen Laboratories, we are committed to delivering products that meet the highest standards of quality, consistency, and reliability. Each product batch is accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (CoA), providing detailed quality control data and verification that the material meets established specifications. Enter the SKU # and Lot # in - [Distributors](https://signagen.com/distributors/) - Locate SignaGen Laboratories' authorized distributors worldwide — regional contacts, phone, email and websites to support order fulfillment, local inventory availability and regional support. - [AAV Tropism for CNS Neurons](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-neurons-in-cns/) - Guide to selecting AAV serotypes and delivery routes for targeting CNS neurons. Compares AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV9, AAVrg and engineered PHP.eB; lists neuronal promoters hSyn, CaMKIIα and VGAT. - [AAV11](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav11/) - AAV11 profile: isolated from Cynomolgus monkeys. Primary receptor N-linked Sialic Acid (likely α-2,3 or α-2,6). Primary tropism: CNS (retrograde neurons & astrocytes), muscle, heart. Very low human seroprevalence. - [Contact Us](https://signagen.com/contact-us/) - Contact SignaGen Laboratories for scientific and technical assistance. Call toll-free (866) 918-6812 or (301) 330-5966, email info@signagen.com, or visit 5260 Westview Dr, Suite 100, Frederick, MD 21703. - [FAQs and Ordering Information](https://signagen.com/faqs/) - Technical FAQs and ordering information for pre-made and custom viral vectors from SignaGen Laboratories. Includes rAAV (packaging ~4.7 kb; commonly supplied at 1×10¹²–1×10¹³ viral genomes (vg)/mL; store −80 °C), lentivirus (packaging ~8–9 kb; commonly supplied at 1×10⁷–1×10⁹ transducing units (TU)/mL; handled at BSL‑2), and adenovirus. Coverage: biosafety (BSL‑1/BSL‑2), serotype and promoter options (CMV, CAG, EF1α, Synapsin, GFAP), QC tests, titration methods, customization, and ordering (orders@signagen.com). - [Shipping Information](https://signagen.com/shipping-information/) - SignaGen Laboratories ships exclusively via FedEx from 5260 Westview Drive, Frederick, MD. Viral vectors are shipped on dry ice (dry‑ice handling and packaging fee applies). Same‑day shipping for eligible orders received by 3:00 PM ET Mon–Wed; international shipments may require customs/import documentation and recipient action. - [Our Story & Mission](https://signagen.com/our-story-mission/) - SignaGen Laboratories develops and manufactures gene delivery tools in the United States, including AAV, adenovirus, and lentiviral vectors and non‑viral platforms. We emphasize rigorous QC, clear documentation, scalable manufacturing, and scientist-to-scientist support for academic and industry researchers. - [Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of GECIs for in vivo imaging](https://signagen.com/off-the-shelf-viral-vectors-for-overexpression-of-gecis-for-in-vivo-imaging/) - Off-the-shelf viral vectors for overexpression of GECIs for in vivo imaging To support real-time monitoring of biological processes, SignaGen offers an extensive catalog of pre-made reporter vectors (e.g., AkaLuc, firefly luciferase, and EGFP) available in adenoviral (AdV), adeno-associated viral (AAV), and lentiviral (LV) formats. These off-the-shelf products are produced and maintained at high titers, enabling - [Immunotherapy & CAR-T Development](https://signagen.com/immunotherapy-car-t-development/) - Immunotherapy & CAR-T Development SignaGen’s LentiMAX™ Packaging System is a core platform for cell therapy research, optimized for high-titer production of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) lentiviral vectors. It supports efficient packaging of large and complex CAR constructs, including those with cytotoxic elements that are challenging for conventional systems. Our technical team provides tailored vector design - [Scientific Resources](https://signagen.com/scientific-resources/) - Scientific Resources for Recombinant AAV (rAAV) Expert guidance, protocols, and tools to support AAV vector design, delivery, optimization, and successful in vivo gene transfer research. Key advantages of using a rAAV include: High gene delivery efficiency compared with non-viral methods Precise targeting of specific cell types or tissues Stable, long-term gene expression, supporting sustained biological - [Understanding Vector Technologies](https://signagen.com/understanding-vector-technologies/) - Viral Vector Technologies for Gene Expression Viral vectors are engineered viruses used to deliver genetic material into target cells. They are essential tools in gene therapy, disease modeling, and target validation, enabling efficient and reliable manipulation of gene expression in vitro and in vivo Key advantages include: High gene delivery efficiency compared with non-viral methods - [Summary Table: Pancreas / Endocrine-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-pancreas-endocrine-specific-promoters/) - Summary Table: Pancreas / Endocrine-Specific Promoters Technical Insights for Pancreatic Vectors 1. The Dominance of RIP (Rat Insulin Promoter) While the human insulin promoter is available, the RIP (specifically the RIP2 version) is a staple in the field. It is small enough (~400 bp) to fit into almost any AAV or lentiviral vector while maintaining - [Promoter Selection Guide](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/) - Guidelines for Promoter Selection in AAV Cis Vectors Helping you identify which promoter(s) to select when designing your AAV constructs. Key Considerations in AAV Promoter Selection The blocks below summarize the tissue tropism and transduction characteristics of various AAV promoters to assist with your selection. Key Notes: No AAV promoter is strictly exclusive to a - [Company](https://signagen.com/company/) - SignaGen Laboratories is a U.S.-based biotechnology company specializing in the development and production of high-quality gene delivery technologies. Since its establishment, SignaGen has evolved into a reliable manufacturer supplying research-grade reagents and viral vectors to academic, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and government institutions worldwide. All SignaGen products are developed and manufactured in the United States, and all - [Understand Native AAV Promoters](https://signagen.com/understand-native-aav-promoters/) - Native AAV Promoters from AAV Serotype 2 Helping you understand the nature of the AAV packaging mechanism Understanding the Role of Native AAV Promoters in AAV Packaging Process The cards below will summarize the Native AAV promoter and regulatory elements and how native AAV promoters orchestrate to package AAVs Please Note: This section discusses the - [AAV Tropism for Liver](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-liver/) - AAV Tropism for Liver This summary table outlines AAV tropism for the liver, a primary target for gene therapy due to its role in metabolic diseases and protein secretion (e.g., clotting factors for Hemophilia). Quick Legend: Administration Routes IV (Intravenous): Systemic delivery via peripheral vein. Most common clinical route but prone to high liver sequestration - [Side-by-side comparison of lentivirus vs AAV specifically for HDR applications](https://signagen.com/side-by-side-comparison-of-lentivirus-vs-aav-specifically-for-hdr-applications/) - Precise genome editing using homology-directed repair (HDR) requires efficient delivery of a donor template into target cells. Viral vectors are commonly used to introduce HDR donor DNA, with lentivirus and adeno-associated virus (AAV) being two widely utilized systems. Although both vectors can deliver donor templates, they differ significantly in genome structure, integration behavior, packaging capacity, - [Career](https://signagen.com/employment/) - Career opportunities at SignaGen We’re looking for people interested in working at a dynamic, fast-paced, entrepreneurial organization Build Your Career at SignaGen We’re looking for talented, driven individuals who want to work in a dynamic, fast-paced, and entrepreneurial environment. SignaGen is a great place to grow your career. Are you motivated, curious, and eager to - [Critical Success Factors for AAV Design](https://signagen.com/critical-success-factors-for-aav-design/) - Critical Success Factors for AAV Design Tissue specificity = promoter + serotype + route of delivery Many promoters are truncated or hybridized for AAV size limits Enhancers (e.g., WPRE, introns) are often added for expression strength 1. The Trinity of Targeting Tissue specificity is rarely achieved by the promoter alone. It is a "triad" of - [Commonly used Cas9s in a biological lab](https://signagen.com/commonly-used-cas9s-in-a-biological-lab/) - CRISPR-Cas9 Variants 1. Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) ⭐ The gold standard and most widely used Cas9 Size: ~160 kDa PAM: NGG (highly abundant in genomes) Why it’s popular: Very high editing efficiency Extensive validation and optimization across cell lines and organisms Broad availability of plasmids, proteins, antibodies, and protocols Common formats: plasmid, mRNA, RNP Typical - [AAV Packaging via Helper-Free System](https://signagen.com/services/custom-aav-production-full-service/aav-packaging-via-helper-free-system/) - AAV Packaging via Helper-Free System All AAV packaging at SignaGen Laboratories is performed using a helper-free system in HEK293T cells to maximize safety, efficiency, and consistency, eliminating the need for replication-competent helper viruses. The process begins with triple plasmid transfection, combining the AAV cis plasmid, a packaging plasmid encoding rep and cap genes, and a - [Explore Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)](https://signagen.com/services/explore-adeno-associated-virus-aav/) - Explore Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) 🧬 What Is AAV? Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus widely used as a gene delivery vector. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) is replication-defective and engineered to deliver therapeutic or research genes with high efficiency and minimal immunogenicity. 🚀 Why Use AAV? AAV vectors are favored for their excellent - [Summary Table: Gastrointestinal-Specific AAV Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-gastrointestinal-specific-aav-promoters/) - Summary Table: Gastrointestinal-Specific AAV Promoters Key Technical Considerations for GI AAVs 1. The "Turnover" Problem Because enterocytes and goblet cells are shed so frequently, an AAV targeting mature cells (using Villin or Fabp1) will only show expression for about a week. To achieve long-term expression, you must target the Lgr5+ stem cells located at the - [Summary Table: Skin / Epithelial-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-skin-epithelial-specific-promoters/) - Summary Table: Skin / Epithelial-Specific Promoters Insights into Skin-Directed Vectors 1. Longevity and the Basal Layer (K14/K5) If a transgene is delivered to the outer layers of the skin, it will be shed within weeks due to natural skin turnover. To achieve permanent or long-term correction, researchers use K14 or K5 promoters. These target the - [Summary Table: Immune / Hematopoietic-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-immune-hematopoietic-specific-promoters/) - Summary Table: Immune / Hematopoietic-Specific Promoters Insights into Immune-Targeted Vectors 1. T-Cell Targeting with Lck In the development of "in vivo" CAR-T therapies (where the virus is injected directly into the patient), the Lck promoter is crucial. It ensures that the Chimeric Antigen Receptor is only expressed on T cells, preventing "off-target" CAR expression in - [Summary Table: Endothelial / Vascular-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-endothelial-vascular-specific-promoters/) - Summary Table: Endothelial / Vascular-Specific Promoters Technical Insights for Vascular Vector Design 1. The ICAM2 Advantage for AAV While promoters like VE-cadherin provide high specificity, their large size can be a hurdle for AAV. The ICAM2 promoter is a favorite for viral vector engineers because it is only ~330 bp. Despite its small size, it - [Summary Table: Muscle-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-muscle-specific-promoters/) - Table summarizing muscle‑specific promoters for AAV (MCK, tMCK, MHCK7, CK8/CK7, Desmin, ACTA1, α‑MHC) with sizes (bp), origin, tissue specificity, and notes on liver sequestration and miR‑122 mitigation. - [Summary Table: Liver / Hepatocyte-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-liver-hepatocyte-specific-promoters/) - Liver/hepatocyte‑specific promoters for AAV: TBG (~450–600 bp), Albumin (~300 bp–2 kb), A1AT/hAAT (~~400 bp), ApoE‑hAAT (~800–1000 bp), HCR (~300–500 bp) and HLP hybrid notes. - [Summary Table: Adipose-Specific Promoters & Sequence Sizes](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-adipose-specific-promoters-sequence-sizes/) - Summary of adipose-specific promoters and optimized sequence sizes for AAV vectors (mAdipoq, hAdipoq, aP2/Fabp4, Ucp1, Plin1, synthetic). Includes miR-122 leakiness mitigation and serotype notes (AAV8, AAV9, AAV‑Rec2). - [Summary Table: Kidney-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-kidney-specific-promoters/) - Reference summary of kidney-specific promoters: Ksp-cadherin (renal tubules, ~1.3 kb; rabbit/human), NPHS1 (Nephrin; podocytes, ~1.2–4.0 kb; human/mouse), AQP2 (collecting duct, ~1.0–2.0 kb; human/mouse). Technical insights on podocyte targeting, tubular specificity, AQP2 regulation, and size vs. specificity trade-offs for AAV/lentiviral vector design. - [Summary Table: Lung / Airway-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-lung-airway-specific-promoters/) - Reference table of lung/airway-specific promoters for AAV design: SP-C (SFTPC; ~1.5–3.7 kb; human) for Alveolar Type II, CC10 (SCGB1A1; ~400 bp–2.3 kb; rat/human) for Club cells, and FOXJ1 (~1.0–2.0 kb; human/mouse) for ciliated cells. Includes notes on coordinating promoters with capsids (AAV6, AAV-PHP.B, AAV2-retro) to address mucosal barriers. - [Summary Table: Cardiac-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-cardiac-specific-promoters/) - Summary table of cardiac-specific promoters (cTnT, cTnI, α‑MHC, MLC2v, NPPA) with target cell types, approximate sizes and origin. Includes notes on chamber specificity, AAV9 / AAV‑Rh10 liver tropism and use of miR‑122 binding sites for liver de‑targeting. - [Summary Table: Retina / Eye-Specific Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-retina-eye-specific-promoters/) - Summary table of retina/eye-specific promoters (RHO, GRK1, CAR, IRBP, BEST1, RPE65) showing target cell types, approximate sizes (bp), origin and key design notes including enhancer pairs and delivery-route considerations. - [Summary Table: Glial Cell Promoters](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/summary-table-glial-cell-promoters/) - Reference summary of glial cell promoters (GFAP / gfaABC1D, ALDH1L1, MBP, PLP1, CNP, Iba1) with reported sizes and species origins, plus practical AAV serotype pairing notes (AAV5, AAV8, AAV‑PHP.B) for researchers. - [AAV Design - Choose a promoter for neuronal expression in the CNS](https://signagen.com/promoter-selection-guide/aav-design-choose-a-promoter-for-neuronal-expression-in-the-cns/) - Promoter selection for neuronal/CNS AAV: hSyn (≈470 bp), CaMKIIα (~1.3 kb), TH, DAT, GAD65/67, ChAT and NSE — species origin, sizes and key technical notes for research use. - [Summary of Key Engineered AAV Capsids](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/summary-of-key-engineered-aav-capsids/) - Concise summary of engineered AAV capsids — parental backbones, primary targets, key improvements, and engineering methods for constructs such as MyoAAV, AAV-BI30, AAV-PHP.eB, AAV-LK03, 7m8 and Anc80L65. - [AAV7](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav7/) - AAV7 (Rhesus macaque origin) binds AAVR (KIAA0319L) via the PKD2 domain, is glycan‑independent, and shows primary tropism for heart (myocardium), skeletal muscle and liver. Very low human seroprevalence (~15–20%); CNS transduction observed with local delivery. - [AAV8](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav8/) - AAV8 — Rhesus macaque origin. Primary receptor LamR (37/67‑kDa); co‑receptor AAVR (KIAA0319L). Exceptional hepatocyte (liver) tropism; also targets heart, skeletal muscle, retina and pancreas. Non‑heparin binding; lower seroprevalence (~20–40%). - [AAV9](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav9/) - AAV9 — isolated from human liver/heart DNA — binds terminal N‑linked Galactose with co‑receptors AAVR (KIAA0319L) ± LamR. Tropism: CNS (neurons→astrocytes with age), heart, liver, skeletal muscle. Crosses adult and neonatal BBB; seroprevalence ~20–30%; vector used in Zolgensma. - [AAVrh8](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aavrh8/) - AAVrh8 (rhesus macaque-derived) capsid: AAVR-dependent and heparin-independent. High BBB crossing with strong neuronal and retinal (amacrine, horizontal) tropism, reduced liver/heart uptake, and very low human seroprevalence. Clinical focus noted for Tay‑Sachs, Parkinson’s and lysosomal storage diseases. - [AAVrh74](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aavrh74/) - AAVrh74, isolated from Rhesus Macaques. Primary receptor AAVR (KIAA0319L); co-receptors N-linked Sialic Acid (a-2,3 & a-2,6). Extreme myotropism (skeletal muscle, heart (Myocardium), liver); very low human seroprevalence (~14%–17%). Capsid used for Elevidys. - [AAV6](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav6/) - AAV6 (human isolate, likely an AAV1/AAV2 recombinant). Primary receptor: α-2,3 and α-2,6 N-linked sialic acid; secondary receptor: HSPG. Tropism for airway/lung, skeletal muscle, heart and hematopoietic stem cells. Clinical focus: airway diseases (Cystic Fibrosis) and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Lysine at position 531 (K531) enables heparin binding. Seroprevalence ~30–45%. - [AAV5](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav5/) - AAV5 — isolated from human condyloma acuminatum. Primary receptor: N‑linked sialic acid; co-receptor PDGFR. Tropism: hepatocytes, airway epithelium, astrocytes. Seroprevalence ~25–35%. - [AAV4](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav4/) - AAV4 serotype (isolated from African Green Monkeys) binds α-2,3 O-linked Sialic Acid (Mucins), is AAVR‑independent, preferentially transduces ependymal cells and RPE, and is antigenically distant. - [AAV3](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav3/) - AAV3 (AAV3A/AAV3B). Origin: human tissue. Primary receptor: HSPG (lower affinity than AAV2); co-receptors HGFR and FGFR1. Tropism: hepatocytes, HCC, cochlear hair cells. Species-specific: efficient in human liver but poor in mouse; moderate–high human seroprevalence. - [AAV2](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav2/) - AAV2 serotype: primary receptor HSPG; universal receptor AAVR (KIAA0319L). Co-receptors: FGFR1, α‑Vβ5 integrin, HGFR, CD9. Tropism: retina, CNS, kidney, liver. Site-specific integration at AAVS1 (Chr19). Seroprevalence 30–70%. Noted in Luxturna. - [AAV13](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav13/) - AAV13 (Clade C). HSPG receptor with AAVR cofactor. Tropism: CNS neurons, liver, some muscle. Confined diffusion; anterograde-only. Used for sparse labeling. - [AAV12](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav12/) - AAV12 (isolated from Vervet Monkey) has primary tropism for nasal epithelium, salivary glands and muscle. Receptor is unique/unknown (sialic acid‑ and HSPG‑independent) with suggested mannose/mannosamine attachment. Shows secondary liver and heart transduction (lower than AAV8/9) and high resistance to human neutralizing antibodies; relevant to intranasal vaccine and autoimmune disorder research. - [AAV10](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav10/) - AAV10 — Rhesus macaque-derived serotype using N-linked sialic acid (α2,3/α2,6) and AAVR. Tropism: CNS (neurons & glia), liver, heart, muscle. Excellent BBB crossing; low human seroprevalence. - [AAV Tropism for Specialized Tissues](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-specialized-tissues-2/) - Practical guide for researchers on AAV tropism in hematopoietic applications. Summarizes natural (AAV6, AAV1, AAV2, AAV5) and engineered capsids (AAV6.2, AAV‑DJ, AAV‑HSC, AAV2‑Rec7), preferred routes (Ex Vivo, IBM, IV), and CRISPR/Cas9 use to achieve durable edits in quiescent HSCs. - [AAV Tropism for Testicular tissue](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-testicular-tissue/) - Reference for researchers on AAV tropism in testicular tissue: natural serotypes (AAV8, AAV9, AAV5, AAV1, AAV2), engineered capsids (AAV‑DJ, Anc80, PHP.B), preferred routes (IT, Rete Testis, IV) and Blood‑Testis Barrier considerations. - [AAV Tropism for Pancreas](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-pancreas/) - SignaGen guide to AAV pancreatic targeting: AAV8 and AAV-Anc80 for islets, AAV6 for ducts, AAV9 systemic potential. Covers RPD, intraparenchymal and IV delivery and promoter choices (RIP, PDX1). - [AAV Tropism for Ears](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-ears/) - Guide to AAV tropism in the inner ear/cochlea: natural serotypes (AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, AAV9), engineered capsids (Anc80L65, AAV‑S, AAV‑PHP.B), target cells and routes (RWM, cochleostomy, canalostomy). - [AAV Tropism for Salivary Glands](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-salivary-glands/) - AAV tropism for salivary glands: retrograde cannulation, ductal vs acinar targeting, and serotype guidance (AAV2, AAV5, AAV9, AAVRh10, AAV44.9). - [AAV Tropism for Spine](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-spine/) - Serotype guide to spinal AAV delivery: AAV9, AAV6, AAV8, AAV1/2, AAVrh10 and engineered capsids (AAV-PHP.eB, AAV-PHP.S, AAV2-retro, AAV-Anc80). Routes: IT, IP, ICM, IV, muscle; consider BSCB and CSF flow. - [AAV Tropism for Lymph Nodes](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-lymph-nodes/) - Reference for researchers on AAV targeting of lymph nodes: preferred routes (SC, IM, ID, intranodal), APC tropism (dendritic cells, macrophages) and key serotypes/variants (AAV5, AAV1, AAV9, AAV8, AAV2, AAV6.2, AAV‑DJ, AAV‑S663V). - [AAV Tropism for Muscles](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-muscles/) - A concise laboratory-focused guide to AAV serotypes and engineered capsids for skeletal and cardiac muscle (AAV1, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, MyoAAV). Covers IV/IM/ILP administration, the liver‑sink effect, the dystrophic barrier, and promoter choices such as MHCK7 and Desmin. - [AAV Tropism for Intestines](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-intestines/) - Concise guide to AAV tropism in intestines: key barriers (epithelial turnover, mucus) and recommended serotypes/routes — AAV9/AAV-PHP.S (ENS); AAV6/AAV-DJ/AAV-iHLS1 (epithelium). - [AAV Tropism for Kidney](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-kidney/) - A practical guide to AAV kidney tropism: AAV9, AAV-Anc80, AAV2, AAV-B1 and AAV-PHP.B; preferred routes (IV, renal artery, retrograde ureteral) and target nephron segments. - [AAV Tropism for Heart](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-heart/) - Reference guide to AAV cardiac tropism organized by Natural Serotypes (AAV9, AAV6, AAV8, AAV1) and Engineered Capsids (AAV2i8, MyoAAV, AAV-SASTG). Compares IV, IC and IM delivery, highlights the liver “sponge” effect and considerations such as cardiac-specific promoters (cTnT, MHC) and capsid engineering for liver detargeting. - [AAV Tropism for Lungs](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-lungs/) - Reference for pulmonary AAV tropism: natural serotypes (AAV5, AAV6, AAV9, AAV1, AAV2) and engineered capsids (AAV6.2, AAV204, AAV‑DJ, lipid‑formulated AAV2/9). Covers IN/IT/IV routes, mucus‑barrier considerations and mucolytics (NAC, mannitol). - [AAV Tropism for Ocular Cells](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-ocular-cells/) - Guide to AAV ocular tropism: natural serotypes (AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, AAV9) and engineered capsids (AAV2-7m8, ShH10, Anc80L65). Covers SR, IVT, AC administration routes and ILM considerations. - [AAV Tropism for Non-Neuronal CNS Cells](https://signagen.com/serotype-selection-guide/aav-tropism-for-non-neuronal-cells-in-cns/) - Researchers' guide to AAV tropism for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia — AAV5, AAV9, AAV8, Olig001 (>95% striatal oligodendrocytes), AAV‑MG; GFAP, MBP, ALDH1L1. - [AAV Tropism for Lung Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-lung-tissues/) - Overview of AAV lung tropism and targeting: AAV6, AAV5, AAV1, AAV9, AAV4, AAVrh10 and AAV2 with recommended delivery routes (intranasal/intratracheal vs IV) and promoters (KRT5, SPC, Foxj1). - [AAV Tropism for Liver Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-liver-tissues/) - Comparative reference for AAV hepatocyte tropism: AAV8, AAV3B, AAV‑LK03, AAV5, AAVrh74, AAV2 and AAV‑DJ. Discusses species differences, liver promoters (LP1, hAAT, TBG) and IV delivery. - [AAV Tropism for Lymph Nodes and Immune Cells](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-lymph-nodes-and-immune-cells/) - Summary of AAV serotype tropism for lymph nodes and APCs: AAV5 (high DC tropism), AAVrh74 (lymph‑node isolated), AAV6 (draining LN), AAV1/AAV2/AAV8, and promoters CD11c, CD19/CD20, CD3/CD4. For research use by biomedical scientists. - [AAV Tropism for Kidney Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-kidney-tissues/) - Technical overview of AAV tropism in kidney tissues: natural serotypes (AAV2, AAV9, AAV8, AAV6.2) and designer capsids (KP1, LK03, AAV2‑GEC, Anc80); routes (IV, renal artery/vein, retrograde ureteral) and kidney‑specific promoters (NPHS1/NPHS2, Ksp‑Cadherin, Six2). Notes: 2025 kidney organoid data report AAV2 dose‑related inflammatory responses. - [AAV Tropism for Intestinal and GI Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-intestinal-and-gi-tissues/) - AAV tropism for intestinal tissues: serotypes AAV9, AAV6, AAV8, AAVrh10, AAV‑PHP.S; routes IV, SMA, intraluminal; promoters Villin, MUC2, hSyn, iFABP. - [AAV Tropism for Ear and Inner Ear Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-ear-and-inner-ear-tissues/) - AAV tropism in cochlea and vestibular tissues — AAV1, AAV2, AAV8, AAV9, Anc80L65, AAV-S, AAV-PHP.B; cell targets, promoters (Myo7a, Atoh1, GFAP) and delivery routes (RWM, cochleostomy, canalostomy). - [AAV Tropism for Cardiac Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-cardiac-tissues/) - Guide to AAV cardiac tropism: serotypes AAV9, AAV6, AAV1, AAV8, AAVrh74, AAV5 and AAV‑M41; delivery routes (IV, IC, intramyocardial) and cardiac promoters cTnT, α‑MHC, Desmin. - [AAV Tropism for Muscle Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-muscle-tissues/) - Technical reference for researchers comparing AAVrh74, AAV9, AAV8, AAV6, AAV1, AAV7 and engineered MyoAAV; summarizes IV, IM and regional limb perfusion delivery and muscle-specific promoters (MCK, MHCK7, cTnT, Desmin). - [AAV Tropism for Ocular and Retinal Cells](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-ocular-and-retinal-cells/) - Reference for AAV tropism in the eye: serotype-specific targets (AAV1, AAV2, AAV4, AAV5, AAV8, AAV9, AAV7m8, AAV8 (Y733F)), optimal delivery routes (intravitreal, subretinal, suprachoroidal), and cell-specific promoters (GRK1, Rhodopsin, Best1, SNCG). - [AAV Tropism for Pancreatic Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-pancreatic-tissues/) - Reference for pancreatic AAV targeting: serotypes AAV8, AAV9, AAV6, AAV2, AAV4, AAV‑KP1, AAV‑DJ; routes (IV, IP, retrograde pancreatic duct, direct injection) and promoters RIP/hINS, GCG, PTF1a, Pdx1. - [AAV Tropism for Salivary Gland Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-salivary-gland-tissues/) - Comparative guide to AAV serotype tropism in salivary glands (AAV2, AAVrh10, AAV44.9, AAV5, BAAV, AAV8, AAV9). Covers retrograde duct cannulation and promoters AMY1C, KLK1, CMV/RSV. - [AAV Tropism for Specialized Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-specialized-tissues/) - Overview of AAV serotypes and delivery strategies for targeting joints (synovial cells, chondrocytes), bone/bone marrow (MSCs), skin (keratinocytes, fibroblasts), bone (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and vascular endothelium. Discusses AAV5, AAV2, AAV8, AAV9, AAV-DJ, AAVHSC15 and engineered capsids, plus intra-articular, intradermal and local injection approaches. - [Explore Viral Vectors](https://signagen.com/explore-viral-vectors/) - SignaGen Laboratories — technical overview of AAV, lentiviral and adenoviral vector technologies: vector design, production methods, QC benchmarks (vg/mL, TU/mL, TU/vg), safety (SIN, RCL/RCA) and applications for research. - [Lentivector Design & Synthesis](https://signagen.com/lentivector-design-synthesis/) - SignaGen Laboratories — software-guided lentivector design & synthesis. In‑silico validation, codon optimization and gene synthesis to produce plasmids optimized for efficient packaging, stable expression and lentiviral production for overexpression or HDR. Contact: info@signagen.com - [Cost-Effective & Affordable Lentivirus Production](https://signagen.com/cost-effective-affordable-lentivirus-production/) - SignaGen Laboratories: cost-effective lentivirus production. We price-match competitors and provide an additional 10% discount while maintaining high titers, rigorous quality control, and reliable turnaround. Request a price-matched quote: info@signagen.com - [Terms & Conditions](https://signagen.com/terms-conditions/) - SignaGen Laboratories Terms & Conditions (Effective 23 Aug 2024, Notice v2.0). Governs purchase/use of SignaGen products and services; all products RUO. Covers biosafety, returns, warranty limits and Maryland governing law. Contact: info@signagen.com - [Technical Support](https://signagen.com/technical-support/) - SignaGen Laboratories technical support: Ph.D.-level assistance for rAAV serotype/promoter selection, lentiviral systems, troubleshooting (low titer/weak expression), CoA/datasheet and RUO/biosafety guidance. Email info@signagen.com. - [Warranty Information](https://signagen.com/warranty-information/) - SignaGen Laboratories warranty for Research Use Only (RUO) products. Coverage and exclusions, 30‑day warranty period, delivery inspection and claims procedure. Contact info@signagen.com for support. - [Cookie Policy](https://signagen.com/cookie-policy/) - SignaGen Laboratories Cookie Policy (Effective Feb 17, 2026). Explains use of cookies, categories, third‑party cookies, opt‑out methods, and contact information. - [Accessibility Statement](https://signagen.com/accessibility-statement/) - SignaGen Laboratories Accessibility Statement (Effective Feb 17, 2026). Commitment to inclusive web access, alignment with WCAG 2.1 Level AA, noted limitations, and accessibility contact: info@signagen.com. - [Disclaimer](https://signagen.com/disclaimer/) - SignaGen Laboratories Disclaimer — Last Updated Feb 17, 2026. Site content and products are for Research Use Only (RUO). Users are responsible for biosafety, handling, compliance, and experimental validation. - [Return & Refund Policy](https://signagen.com/return-refund-policy/) - SignaGen Laboratories Return & Refund Policy (Effective 23 Aug 2024). Conditions for returns, non‑returnable RUO/custom/temperature‑sensitive items, RMA process and contact details. - [Privacy Policy](https://signagen.com/privacy-policy/) - SignaGen Laboratories Privacy Policy (Effective 23 Aug, 2024; Notice Version 2.0). Describes personal and automatically collected data (e.g., name, affiliation, payment data, IP, cookies), uses and lawful disclosures to service providers, international transfers to the U.S., retention, security measures, cookie controls, privacy rights, and contact (info@signagen.com). - [Adenovirus Harvest & Purification](https://signagen.com/adenovirus-harvest-purification/) - SignaGen harvests adenovirus at clear CPE in Ad.MAX™ 293 cells, collecting cells and supernatant. Purification: gel filtration for in vitro use or CsCl density gradients for in vivo–grade virus. - [Adenovirus PFU Titration & QCs](https://signagen.com/adenovirus-pfu-titration-qcs/) - SignaGen Laboratories performs plaque‑forming unit (PFU) titration on Ad.MAX™ 293 cells to quantify infectious adenoviral particles, plus sensitive RCA titration and adenoviral genome assays to verify E1/E3 deletions. - [All IP Belongs the Customer](https://signagen.com/all-ip-belongs-the-customer/) - SignaGen Laboratories: customers retain full IP for AAV vector design, cloned cis constructs and final packaged vectors (including customer‑provided or SignaGen‑synthesized GOIs). Contact info@signagen.com. - [Product Catalog](https://signagen.com/products/) - [AAV Tropism for Testicular Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-testicular-tissues/) - A concise overview of AAV serotype tropism in testicular compartments: AAV8 (Leydig; interstitial), AAV9 (germ cells & Sertoli; intratubular), AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAVrh10. Covers the blood–testis barrier, injection routes, germline transmission risk, and cell-specific promoters StAR, WT1, Sox9, Sycp1, Stra8. - [AAV Tropism for Spinal and DRG Tissues](https://signagen.com/aav-tropism-for-spinal-and-drg-tissues/) - Research guide to AAV tropism in spinal cord and DRG: serotypes (AAV9, AAVrh10, AAV6, AAV5, AAV-PHP.eB, AAVrg), delivery routes (IV, IT, intraparenchymal, DRG) and spinal-specific promoters. ## Products - [Lentivirus Production Service](https://signagen.com/products/lentivirus-production-service/) - Custom lentivirus packaging with pseudotyped envelopes and promoter choices. Deliverables 250–5000 µL at >10⁹ TU/mL. RT-qPCR/p24 titering. Standard ~2 weeks; expedited 1 week. - [AAV1-hSyn-RiboL1-jGCaMP8s](https://signagen.com/products/aav1-hsyn-ribol1-jgcamp8s/) - AAV1 expressing RiboL1‑tagged jGCaMP8s from hSyn for soma‑targeted neuronal calcium imaging. Supplied 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV1-hSyn-RiboL1-WPRE](https://signagen.com/products/aav1-hsyn-ribol1-wpre/) - Pre-packaged AAV1 negative-control vector matched to AAV1-hSyn-RiboL1-jGCaMP8s: hSyn promoter, RiboL1 soma-targeting, WPRE + bGH poly(A); supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV1-S5E2-hM4D(Gi)-P2A-dTomato](https://signagen.com/products/aav1-s5e2-hm4dgi-p2a-dtomato/) - AAV1 vector with S5E2 enhancer for PV+ cortical interneurons, expressing hM4D(Gi) and dTomato (P2A). Supplied 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-mCherry (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-mcherry-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged AAV8 encoding Cre-mCherry (CAG promoter). Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. For Cre–lox recombination. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-CMV-GFP: pre-packaged AAV9 vector (AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-CMV-GFP expressing EGFP under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL, formulated in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-packaged AAV5-CMV-GFP: AAV5 capsid with AAV2 ITRs driving EGFP from a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). Refer to the supplied infection protocol for handling and experimental setup. - [Human Adenovirus 5 Wild Type (In Vitro Grade)](https://signagen.com/products/human-adenovirus-5-wild-type-in-vitro-grade/) - Wild-type human adenovirus 5 (Ad5), replication-competent, in vitro grade (1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL). For research use only; suitable as reference material or rAAV co-infection helper. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-packaged AAV(BI30) expressing mCherry with 3xmiR122 under the CMV promoter. BI30 capsid has enhanced CNS endothelial tropism. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-CMV-GFP-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV(BI30) expressing EGFP from CMV with 3xmiR122 repeats to reduce hepatocyte expression. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Reconstitution buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TBG-Null (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tbg-null-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 (AAV2 ITRs) carrying no transgene under the liver-specific TBG promoter. Ready-to-use negative-control vector for liver-targeted studies. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [LV-CAG-GCaMP6s-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-gcamp6s-ires-puro/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing slow-kinetics GCaMP6s from the CAG promoter with puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL, supplied in PBS; includes protocol. - [LV-CAG-GCaMP6f](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-gcamp6f/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing GCaMP6f under the CAG (CBA) promoter. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL, PBS buffer, 2×25 µL; no selection antibiotic. - [Ad-Cre-mCherry (Cre recombinase fusion wtih mCherry)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cre-mcherry-cre-recombinase-fusion-wtih-mcherry/) - Ad-CMV-Cre-mCherry: E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing Cre recombinase–mCherry under CMV. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6s (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6s-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV9-CAG-GCaMP6s) expressing GCaMP6s under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [GenMute™ siRNA Transfection Reagent for C2C12 Cell](https://signagen.com/products/genmute-sirna-transfection-reagent-for-c2c12-cell/) - Description:GenMute™ siRNA Transfection Reagent for C2C12 Cells is pre-optimized for efficient siRNA delivery into C2C12 myoblasts. The C2C12 cell line was originally established by Yaffe and Saxel (1977) through selective serial passaging of myoblasts isolated from the thigh muscle of C3H mice following crush injury. These cells retain the ability to proliferate as myoblasts and - [AAV-Syn-Cre-mCherry (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-mcherry-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - AAVrg vector expressing Cre‑mCherry under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron-specific expression. Supplied >30 µL, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [LV-EF1a-GFP-T2A-fLuc-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-gfp-t2a-fluc-puro/) - Pre-made LV-EF1a-GFP-T2A-fLuc-Puro lentivirus co-expresses eGFP and firefly luciferase via T2A under the EF1a promoter, with IRES-mediated puromycin resistance. Concentrated in PBS (2×25 µL); titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade purity. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1-CAG-GFP rAAV expressing EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Capsid AAV1 with AAV2 2xITRs; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-mCherry (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1α-dio-hchr2h134r-mcherry-aav2-retro/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV2‑Retro) with EF1α-driven DIO hChR2(H134R)-mCherry for Cre-dependent expression. Supplied >1×10^13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 (AAV8 capsid; AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 8, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-8-self-complementary/) - scAAV8-GFP (scAAV-CMV-GFP) is a self-complementary AAV serotype 8 expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol included. - [AAV-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-CMV-mCherry (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expresses mCherry from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mCherry (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mcherry-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype 2 expressing mCherry under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6f (Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiiα-gcamp6f-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 vector expressing GCaMP6f under the CaMKIIα promoter for neuron-targeted calcium imaging. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-CMV-fLuc-EF1a-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-fluc-ef1a-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-CMV-fLuc-EF1α-GFP lentivirus: CMV-driven firefly luciferase and EF1α-driven CopGFP. >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL, PBS, in vivo grade. - [AAV-smCAG-NanoLuc (Serotype Rec2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-smcag-nanoluc-serotype-rec2/) - AAV(Rec2) expressing NanoLuc from the smCAG promoter. 30 µL vial in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reported adipose transduction (brown/white). - [AAV-smCAG-fLuc (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-smcag-fluc-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged AAV8 expressing firefly luciferase under the compact smCAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL vial in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Bioluminescent reporter for AAV8 transduction and biodistribution studies. See vector map and infection protocol. - [AAV-smCAG-NanoLuc (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-smcag-nanoluc-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged rAAV8 expressing NanoLuc under the compact smCAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. See vector map & infection protocol. - [AAV-smCAG-fLuc (Serotype Rec2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-smcag-fluc-serotype-rec2/) - Pre-packaged rAAV(Rec2) encoding firefly luciferase under the smCAG promoter; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Reported adipose transduction. - [AAV-TBG-Cre (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tbg-cre-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV-TBG-Cre (AAV8) expresses Cre recombinase from the ~0.8 kb liver-specific TBG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in a 30 µL vial; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV9-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-serotype-9-retro/) - AAV(9-retro)-CAG-Cre-GFP: pre-made AAV9‑retro vector expressing Cre‑GFP from the CAG promoter. 30 µL, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; storage in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-EF1a-tdTOMATO-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-tdtomato-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV-EF1a-tdTOMATO-IRES-Puro lentivirus: EF1α-driven tdTomato with IRES-mediated puromycin resistance. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-php-s/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.S)-CAG-Cre expressing Cre from the CAG (CBA) promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Reported PNS tropism. - [GenJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent for Neuro-2A Cells](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagent-for-neuro-2a-cells/) - Description GenJet™ DNA In Vitro Transfection Reagent for Neuro2A Cells is pre-optimized for efficient plasmid DNA delivery into Neuro2A cells. Neuro2A (N2A) is a mouse neuroblastoma cell line widely utilized as an in vitro model for studies of neuronal differentiation, neurodevelopment, signal transduction, gene regulation, and neurodegenerative disorders. Owing to its ability to undergo neurite - [AAV-hSyn-DIO-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-dio-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 DIO (Cre‑dependent) vector expressing GFP under the human synapsin (hSyn) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TTR-Cre (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ttr-cre-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8-TTR-Cre: AAV8 capsid with AAV2 ITRs expressing Cre under the liver-specific TTR promoter. Ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-CAG-GFP expressing EGFP (CAG/CBA promoter). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. Reported BBB penetration and ~5× improved CNS transduction vs PHP.B. - [GenJet™ Plus In Vivo DNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-plus-dna-in-vivo-transfection-reagent/) - Description GenJet™ Plus In Vivo DNA Transfection Reagent is an advanced non-viral gene delivery system derived from the original GenJet™ DNA Transfection Reagent and further optimized through the incorporation of multiple proprietary cationic and functional peptides. These modifications significantly increase the density of DNA-binding and condensing moieties, resulting in enhanced plasmid DNA complexation, stability, and - [AAV-CAG-GFP-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made rAAV (Serotype BI30) expressing EGFP from the CAG promoter with 3× miR122 target sites to reduce hepatocyte expression. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-CAG-GCaMP6m](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-gcamp6m/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing GCaMP6m under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade, stored in PBS. Suitable for in vitro tissue culture infection and in vivo injection. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-packaged AAV2-CMV-GFP (AAV2 capsid/ITRs) driving EGFP under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Reconstitution buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [BlotFresh™ Western Blot Stripping Reagent (Ver. II)](https://signagen.com/products/blotfresh-western-blot-stripping-reagent-ver-ii/) - Description:BlotFresh™ Western Blot Stripping Reagent (Ver. II) is a ready-to-use, mild yet highly effective solution for removing primary and secondary antibodies from Western blot membranes without damaging immobilized proteins. This optimized formulation enables multiple rounds of re-probing on the same PVDF or nitrocellulose membrane, allowing detection of additional targets or loading controls while conserving valuable - [AAV-hSyn-DIO-mCherry (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-dio-mcherry-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1-hSyn-DIO-mCherry: Serotype 1 rAAV with DIO (Cre‑ON) mCherry under the human synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV9 (capsid AAV9, 2× ITR AAV2) expressing EGFP under human synapsin promoter for neuron-selective expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [Ad-CAG-GCaMP6f](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cag-gcamp6f/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus expressing GCaMP6f under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. Vector map and protocol available. - [LV-CMV-GCaMP6f-T2A-mScarlet](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-gcamp6f-t2a-mscarlet/) - Pre-made LV expressing GCaMP6f (CMV promoter) with T2A-linked mScarlet reporter. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. Transfer vector map and infection protocol available. - [LV-Synapsin-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-gfp/) - LV-Syn-GFP lentivirus: hSyn-driven GFP for neuron-specific labeling. Ready-to-use (2×25 µL), PBS, in vivo grade, >1E+9 TU/mL. - [GenJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent for Epithelial Cell](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagent-for-epithelial-cell/) - Description GenJet™ DNA In Vitro Transfection Reagent for Epithelial Cells is specifically optimized for efficient plasmid DNA delivery into a broad range of epithelial cell types. Through the incorporation of a proprietary epithelial cell–targeting peptide ligand, the reagent exhibits enhanced interaction with epithelial cell surfaces, resulting in improved cellular uptake of DNA complexes and superior - [AAV-CAG-ChR2-Venus (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chr2-venus-aav-serotype-6/) - Recombinant AAV serotype 6 expressing ChR2‑Venus under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-Syn-TagRFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-tagrfp/) - Pre-made LV-Syn-TagRFP lentivirus expressing TagRFP under the human synapsin (hSyn) promoter for neuron-specific labeling. Supplied 2×25 µL in PBS; in vivo grade; >1E+9 TU/mL. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - AAV2-CAG-GFP: pre-packaged recombinant AAV (AAV2 capsid and ITRs) expressing EGFP under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied ready-to-use (30 µL) at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (Serotype 6.2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-serotype-6-2/) - AAV6.2-CAG-GFP: pre-made AAV6.2 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP from the CAG promoter. F129L capsid for enhanced airway/lung epithelial transduction. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector expressing EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. AAV9 capsid with AAV2 ITRs; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-CAG-ZsGreen](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-zsgreen/) - Pre-made lentivirus overexpressing ZsGreen from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied in PBS, 2×25 µL; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. In vivo grade; no selection antibiotic. - [AAV-Syn-SF-iGluSnFR.A184S (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-sf-iglusnfr-a184s-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV (PHP.eB) expressing SF-iGluSnFR.A184S under the Syn promoter for neuron‑preferential extracellular glutamate sensing. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ)-CMV-Cre expresses Cre recombinase under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL; formulated in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB) expressing Cre under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL ready-to-use vial in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFAP-GFP-shRNAmir(SCRM) (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfap-gfp-shrnamirscrm-serotype-5/) - AAV5 expressing GFP and a scrambled shRNAmir from the human GFAP promoter for astrocyte-specific expression. Supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 (30 µL). - [AAV-GFAP-GFP-shRNAmir(SCRM) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-gfap-gfp-shrnamirscrm/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing GFP and a scrambled shRNAmir control from the human GFAP promoter for astrocyte-specific expression. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-CMV-Cre (Serotype Ark313)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-cre-serotype-ark313/) - Pre-made AAV(Ark313)-CMV-Cre expresses Cre from the CMV promoter and is pseudotyped with Ark313 (AAV6-derived) for murine T-cell transduction. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-CBh-GFP (Serotype Ark313)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-serotype-ark313/) - AAV(Ark313)-CBh-GFP expresses EGFP from the CBh promoter with WPRE. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-EGFP-P2A-TAU(P301L) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1α-egfp-p2a-taup301l-serotype-9/) - AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP and human TAU(P301L) from the EF1α promoter. Co-expression via P2A. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; storage buffer PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-dj/) - Ready-to-use AAV(DJ)-CMV-GFP (serotype DJ; 2xITR from AAV2) expressing EGFP under CMV promoter. 30 µL, titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Buffer: PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV (Serotype BI30) expressing Cre from the CAG/CBA promoter with 3x miR-122 targets to limit hepatocyte expression. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [Human Adenovirus 5 Wild Type (In Vivo Grade)](https://signagen.com/products/human-adenovirus-5-wild-type-in-vivo-grade/) - Replication-competent Human Adenovirus Type 5 (wild type), in vivo-grade reference material. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in A195 Buffer. For research use only. - [AAV-ICAM2-EGFP (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-icam2-egfp-aav-serotype-bi30/) - AAV(BI30)-ICAM2-EGFP: AAV expressing EGFP under the mouse ICAM2 promoter for endothelial-enriched CNS endothelial transduction. CsCl-purified; >1×10^13 VG/mL. - [AAV-ICAM2-EGFP-3xmiR122 (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-icam2-egfp-3xmir122-aav-serotype-bi30/) - AAV(BI30) expressing eGFP from the mouse ICAM2 promoter with 3×miR122 to reduce hepatic expression. CsCl‑purified, supplied ≥1×10^13 VG/mL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [scAAV-CMV-mCherry (Serotype 2-GEC)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cmv-mcherry-serotype-2-gec/) - Self-complementary scAAV(2-GEC)-CMV-mCherry expressing mCherry from the CMV promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68; reporter/control for kidney GEC targeting. - [LV-CAG-NES-jRGECO1a](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-nes-jrgeco1a/) - Pre-made lentivirus for CAG‑driven expression of NES‑tagged jRGECO1a (red GECI) in mammalian cells. Supplied in PBS, concentrated by PEG + ultracentrifugation (25000 rpm), in vivo grade, >1E+9 TU/mL. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ)-CAG-GFP: EGFP expression driven by the CAG (CBA) promoter in AAV serotype DJ capsid with AAV2 2xITR. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-iCre (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-packaged AAV1 expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) from the human synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted Cre–lox recombination. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, ready-to-use. - [PepJet™ In Vivo DNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/pepjet-dna-in-vivo-transfection-reagent/) - Description PepJet™ In Vivo DNA Transfection Reagent is a next-generation cationic peptide–based delivery system engineered for highly efficient plasmid DNA transfection in vivo. The core active component is a synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide originally identified through screening as a potent nucleic acid delivery vehicle and subsequently optimized using sequence alignment, molecular modeling, and computational analyses inspired - [AAV-EF1α-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP (AAV2-Retrograde)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-dio-hchr2h134r-eyfp-serotype-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAV(2-retro)-EF1α-DIO-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP for Cre-dependent EF1α expression of hChR2(H134R)-EYFP. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL, in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-CAG-GCaMP6s](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-gcamp6s/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing GCaMP6s from the CAG promoter. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL in PBS; no selection antibiotic. Concentrated via PEG + ultracentrifugation. - [LV-EF1a-DIO-tdTomato](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-dio-tdtomato/) - Pre-made LV-EF1α-DIO-tdTomato: Cre‑dependent EF1α-driven tdTomato expression. In vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; PBS storage. - [LV-CAG-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-CAG-GFP lentivirus expressing GFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. No selection antibiotic. - [LV-CAG-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-mcherry/) - LV-CAG-mCherry lentivirus expresses mCherry from the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use in PBS, >1E+9 TU/mL, 2 x 25 µL (in vivo grade); no selection antibiotic. - [LV-EF1a-tdTOMATO](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-tdtomato/) - Pre-made LV-EF1a-tdTOMATO lentivirus expressing tdTOMATO from the EF1α promoter. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL, supplied 2×25 µL in PBS; suitable for in vitro and in vivo imaging. - [LV-EF1a-Mito-DsRed-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-mito-dsred-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing Mito-DsRed from EF1a with IRES-driven puromycin resistance. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; in vivo-grade; storage buffer PBS. - [AAV-miniCMV-SpCas9 (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-minicmv-spcas9-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector expressing human codon‑optimized SpCas9 from the miniCMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Suitable for in vitro and in vivo CRISPR editing; AAV2 tropism reported for CNS, heart, and muscle. - [LV-EF1a-Mito-GFP-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-mito-gfp-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV-EF1a-Mito-GFP-IRES-Puro lentivirus expressing Mito‑EGFP (mitochondrial targeting sequence from subunit VIII of human cytochrome C oxidase) with IRES-driven puromycin resistance. >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL, PBS. - [GenMute™ siRNA Transfection Reagent for Jurkat Cell](https://signagen.com/products/genmute-sirna-transfection-reagent-for-jurkat-cell/) - Description:GenMute™ siRNA Transfection Reagent for Jurkat Cells is pre-optimized for efficient delivery of siRNA into Jurkat cells, an immortalized human T-lymphocyte cell line widely used in immunology and cancer research. Jurkat cells serve as a key model for studying acute T-cell leukemia, T-cell receptor signaling, apoptosis, and the expression of chemokine receptors involved in viral - [AAV Empty Capsid (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-empty-capsid-serotype-8/) - AAV8 empty capsid—100% empty by Refeyn Mass Photometer. Purified by two rounds CsCl isopycnic ultracentrifugation. >1×10^13 Capsid/mL; 30 µL. For controls and QC. - [GenMute™ Transfection Buffer (5x )](https://signagen.com/products/genmute-transfection-buffer-5x/) - 5x concentrated GenMute™ Transfection Buffer formulated for GenMute™ siRNA & DNA Transfection Reagent. 8.0 mL vial yields 40 mL working solution (sufficient for 1000 transfections in 24‑well plates). Store at RT; stable 24 months. - [AAV-Syn-FLPo (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-flpo-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector expressing mouse‑codon‑optimized FLPo under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Ready‑to‑use 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; PBS + Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made AAV(BR1)-CAG-mCherry (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mCherry from the CAG/CBA promoter. BR1 targets neurovascular endothelial cells/BBB. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [HEK293T-eGFP Stable Cell Line, 3×10⁶ Cells/Vial](https://signagen.com/products/hek293t-egfp-stable-cell-line/) - HEK293T-eGFP cells (cryopreserved; ~3 × 10⁶/vial) expressing eGFP from EF1α, generated with LV-EF1α-eGFP-IRES-Puro and selected with puromycin. - [HEK293T-mCherry Stable Cell Line, 3×10⁶ Cells/Vial](https://signagen.com/products/hek293t-mcherry-stable-cell-line/) - Cryopreserved HEK293T cells expressing mCherry driven by the EF1α promoter (LV-EF1α-mCherry-IRES-Puro). Puromycin-selected; supplied 3 × 10⁶ cells/vial for imaging and fluorescence assays. - [HEK293T-tdTomato Stable Cell Line, 3×10⁶ Cells/Vial](https://signagen.com/products/hek293t-tdtomato-stable-cell-line/) - Cryopreserved HEK293T-tdTomato cells generated with LV-EF1α-tdTomato-IRES-Puro. Constitutive EF1α-driven tdTomato expression; puromycin (1.0 µg/mL) selection. 3 × 10⁶ cells/vial. - [HEK293T-CymR Stable Cell Line, 3×10⁶ Cells/Vial, Puromycin Resistant](https://signagen.com/products/hek293t-cymr-stable-cell-line-3x10⁶-cells-vial/) - Cryopreserved HEK293T cells constitutively expressing Cre‑eGFP (EF1α promoter), puromycin‑selected (1.0 µg/mL). Supplied 3×10⁶ cells/vial for fluorescence imaging and assay development. - [HEK293T-CymR Stable Cell Line, 3 × 10⁶ Cells/Vial, Zeocin-Resistant](https://signagen.com/products/hek293t-cymr-stable-cell-line-3-x-10⁶-cells-vial-zeocin-resistant/) - Cryopreserved HEK293T cells constitutively expressing Cre‑eGFP (EF1α promoter), puromycin‑selected (1.0 µg/mL). Supplied 3×10⁶ cells/vial for fluorescence imaging and assay development. - [HEK293T-Cre-eGFP Stable Cell Line, 3×10⁶ Cells/Vial](https://signagen.com/products/hek293t-cre-egfp-stable-cell-line/) - Cryopreserved HEK293T cells constitutively expressing Cre‑eGFP (EF1α promoter), puromycin‑selected (1.0 µg/mL). Supplied 3×10⁶ cells/vial for fluorescence imaging and assay development. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ/8)-CMV-GFP expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). Ready-to-use control vector. - [Ad-CMV-KITLG](https://signagen.com/products/ad-kitlg/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing KIT Ligand (CMV promoter), C-terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [LV-CMV-GFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-gfp-puro/) - Ready-to-use LV expressing eGFP from the CMV promoter with PGK-driven puromycin selection. Supplied 2×25 µL in PBS; in vivo grade. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL. - [AAV-CaMKII-GCaMP6m (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkii-gcamp6m-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector expressing GCaMP6m under the CaMKII promoter for neuronal expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 6, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-6-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV serotype 6 expressing EGFP under CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL vial; buffer: PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Control vector. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6-CMV-Cre: pre-made rAAV (AAV6 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing Cre recombinase under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 6, Self-complementary )](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-6-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV6 (scAAV6-CMV-Cre) expressing Cre from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - AAV(BI30) CAG-mCherry-3xmiR122 — pre-made rAAV (serotype BI30; CNS endothelial tropism) with 3× miR122 target sites to reduce hepatocyte expression. >1E13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-CAG-Luc (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector (AAV9-CAG-Luc) expressing firefly luciferase under the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-NULL (AAV Serotype Ark313)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-ark313/) - AAV(Ark313)-Null: pre-packaged rAAV (serotype Ark313) carrying no transgene under a CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype Ark313)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-ark313/) - Pre-made rAAV(Ark313)-CMV-GFP expressing EGFP (CMV promoter) with WPRE. Ark313 (AAV6‑derived) capsid reported to favor murine T cells. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [LV-CMV-tdTOMATO-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-tdtomato-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing tdTOMATO from the CMV promoter with puromycin selection (PGK). In vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. Supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. See transfer map and infection protocol. - [GenJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent for U2OS Cells](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagent-for-u2os-cells/) - Description GenJet™ DNA In Vitro Transfection Reagent for U2OS Cells is pre-optimized for efficient DNA transfection of U2OS cells. U2OS is a human osteosarcoma cell line originally established from the tibial tumor tissue of a 15-year-old female patient and has become one of the most widely used cell models in cancer biology and molecular genetics. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-CAG-Cre-GFP: Cre–EGFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-Synapsin-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-mcherry/) - Pre-made LV-Synapsin-mCherry lentivirus expresses mCherry under the human synapsin (hSyn) promoter for neuron-specific labeling. In vivo grade; >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL. - [Ad-CMV-Cre (Cre Recombinase Adenovirus)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-cre-cre-recombinase-adenovirus/) - Pre-packaged Ad5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) adenovirus expressing Cre under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use for Cre‑lox recombination. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL; storage buffer: DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [LV-EF1a-rtTA-PGK-HygR](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-rtta-pgk-hygr/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing rtTA from EF1α with PGK-driven HygR. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS; concentrated via PEG precipitation + ultracentrifugation. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry (Serotype 2-GEC)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-serotype-2-gec/) - Pre-made rAAV packaged in AAV2-GEC capsid expressing mCherry from the CMV promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-EF1a-NLS-GFP-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-nls-gfp-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing eGFP fused to SV40 NLS under EF1α with IRES-driven puromycin selection. Ready-to-use, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS; PEG-precipitated and ultracentrifuged. - [AAV-CAG-Flex-GFP-Tau(P301L) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-flex-gfp-taup301l-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) carrying CAG-driven FLEX GFP‑Tau(P301L) for Cre-dependent expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-EF1a-fLuc-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-fluc-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing firefly luciferase (fLuc) from the EF1α promoter with IRES-linked puromycin resistance. In vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; stored in PBS. - [AAV-HBV1.3 (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hbv1-3-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (serotype 8) carrying a 1.3-fold overlength HBV genome (genotype D, serotype ayw) with AAV2 2× ITRs. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-mCherry (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mcherry-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype DJ/8; 2×ITR AAV2) expressing mCherry from the CMV promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [LipoD293™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/lipod293-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagent/) - High‑efficiency LipoD293™ (Ver. II) liposome DNA transfection reagent for HEK293 and other mammalian cells. Low cytotoxicity; supports large constructs (up to 180 kb); 1.0 mL ~666 24‑well transfections. Store at 4 °C. - [LV-Syn-Cre-Syn-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-cre-syn-gfp/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing Cre and GFP from human synapsin promoters. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade (PEG precipitation + ultracentrifugation); stored in PBS. - [LV-HB9-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-hb9-mcherry/) - Pre-made LV-HB9-mCherry lentivirus expressing mCherry under the mouse HB9 promoter for motor neuron–specific expression. Supplied 2×25 µL in PBS; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. - [LV-CaMKII-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-camkii-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-CaMKII-GFP lentivirus expressing EGFP under the mouse CaMKII promoter. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL in PBS. See infection protocol and vector map. - [LV-HB9-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-hb9-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-HB9-GFP lentivirus expresses GFP from the mouse HB9 motor neuron–specific promoter. Ready-to-use, in vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. Supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-Synapsin-RFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-rfp/) - Pre-made LV-Synapsin-RFP lentivirus expressing mRFP under the human synapsin promoter. >1E+9 TU/mL, in vivo-grade purity; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. Infection protocol and vector map available. - [LV-Synapsin-Null](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-null/) - LV-Synapsin-Null: pre-made lentiviral null control (no transgene) under the human synapsin promoter. In vivo-grade, ready-to-use; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. Stored in PBS. - [LV-hSyn-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-hsyn-hm4dgi-mcherry/) - Pre-made LV expressing hM4D(Gi)-mCherry under the hSyn promoter. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; puromycin selection; in vivo-grade, 2×25 µL, stored in PBS. - [LV-Syn-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-hm3dgq-mcherry/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing hM3D(Gq)-mCherry under the human synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; puromycin selectable; in vivo-grade; 2×25 µL; stored in PBS. - [LV-CAG-Venus-T2A-AkaLuc](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-venus-t2a-akaluc/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing Venus and AkaLuc (T2A) under the CAG promoter. >1E+9 TU/mL, puromycin selectable, 2×25 µL in PBS. AkaLuc (~675 nm) optimized for AkaLumine‑HCl. - [LV-EF1a-fLuc-IRES-Blast](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-fluc-ires-blast/) - Pre-made EF1α-driven firefly luciferase lentivirus with IRES-linked puromycin selection. >1E+9 TU/mL, in vivo grade, 2×25 µL in PBS. See vector map & infection protocol. - [LV-CAG-ChiEF-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-chief-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV-CAG-ChiEF-IRES-Puro lentivirus co-expressing ChiEF and Puro (CAG/CBA promoter). >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL in PBS, in vivo grade; concentrated by PEG + UC. - [LV-EF1a-SpCas9(D10A)-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-spcas9d10a-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing SpCas9(D10A) (EF1α promoter) with IRES-linked puromycin cassette for selection. Ready-to-use in PBS, in vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. - [CalFectin™ Mammalian Cell Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/calfectin-mammalian-cell-transfection-reagent/) - Traditional recipe with new formulation, low‑calcium citrate transfection reagent optimized for high‑efficiency transient and stable transfection of adherent mammalian cells (HEK293, HepG2, CHO, HeLa). Reduced cytotoxicity; one‑tube protocol; store at 4 °C. - [LV-EF1a-GFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-gfp-puro/) - Pre-made LV‑EF1α‑GFP‑Puro lentivirus expressing eGFP from the EF1α promoter with IRES-mediated puromycin resistance. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL in PBS; in vivo grade. - [AAV-hSyn-DIO-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-dio-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector for Cre‑dependent GFP expression under human synapsin promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-Cre (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - AAVrg-Synapsin-Cre (AAV2-retro) expresses Cre under the human Synapsin promoter for retrograde neuronal targeting. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, PBS + Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-Syn-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-hchr2h134r-eyfp-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing humanized ChR2(H134R)-EYFP under the human synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready to use. - [AAV-TBG-ER-TurboID (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tbg-er-turboid-serotype-8/) - AAV8 vector expressing ER-targeted TurboID under the TBG promoter for hepatocyte-specific proximity biotinylation. HA and V5 tags included; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-CBh-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 9 expressing GFP under the CBh promoter. Ready-to-use >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Infection protocol & vector map available. - [AAV-CAG-DIO-GFP-shRNAmiR(SCRM) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-dio-gfp-shrnamirscrm-serotype-9/) - Pre‑made AAV9: CAG‑driven Cre‑dependent EGFP plus scrambled shRNAmir(SCRM) (miR‑30 backbone). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-EF1α-Akaluc-IRES-Puo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1α-akaluc-ires-puo/) - Ready-to-use LV expressing AkaLuc from EF1α with IRES puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; optimized for AkaLumine‑HCl (near‑IR ~675 nm). - [PolyJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/polyjet-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagent/) - Biodegradable polymer DNA transfection reagent that forms complexes within 5 minutes at RT. Broad mammalian cell spectrum (HEK293, COS‑7, NIH‑3T3, HeLa, CHO). 1.0 ml ≈ 667× 24‑well transfections. Store at 4 °C. - [AAV-CAG-DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-dio-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 expressing CAG-driven DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO in a Cre-dependent manner. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 6.2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-6-2/) - Pre-packaged AAV6.2-CMV-Cre expressing Cre under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; contains F129L VP1 mutation reported to enhance airway and lung epithelial transduction. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - Pre-packaged AAV(DJ/8)-CMV-Cre expressing Cre recombinase under the CMV promoter for Cre-lox experiments. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 vector expressing Cre under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 (AAV2-CMV-Cre) expressing Cre recombinase under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; Std Pack >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-hSyn-TAU(P301L) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-taup301l-serotype-9/) - AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing human TAU(P301L) from the hSyn promoter. Ready‑to‑use 30 µL prep, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; stored in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Research use only. - [AAV-hSyn-TAU(P301L) (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-taup301l-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector encoding human TAU(P301L) driven by hSyn for neuron-selective expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; storage buffer PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-GFP-httQ23 (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-httq23-serotype-2/) - AAV2-Syn-GFP-httQ23: AAV serotype 2 with hSyn promoter expressing GFP‑tagged HTT fragment (Q23) for neuron-specific localization studies. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-GFP-httQ23 (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-httq23-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-Syn-GFP-httQ23 for neuron-specific expression of GFP-tagged HTT fragment (polyQ23). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Syn-GFP-httQ72 (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-httq72-serotype-php-eb/) - AAV(PHP.eB)-Syn expressing GFP‑HTT with 72 CAG repeats (polyQ72) for neuron-restricted expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in sterile PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). PHP.eB shows enhanced BBB penetration in mice. - [AAV-CAG-GFP-httQ72 (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-httq72-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 (AAV2 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing GFP‑tagged HTT fragment with 72 CAG repeats under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-GFP-httQ23 (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-httq23-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-CAG-GFP-httQ23: CAG-driven GFP‑tagged HTT fragment (Q23). Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP-httQ72 (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-httq72-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-CAG-GFP-httQ72 expressing GFP-tagged HTT fragment (polyQ72). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. PHP.eB shows enhanced BBB penetration in mice. - [AAV-Syn-GFP-httQ72 (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-httq72-serotype-2/) - AAV2-Syn-GFP-httQ72 (Serotype 2) delivers GFP-tagged HTT fragment with 72 CAG repeats under hSyn for neuron-selective expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + Pluronic. - [AAV-Mecp2-SpCas9(D10A) (Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-cag-tet-on3g-wpre-copy/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 1 vector encoding SpCas9(D10A) driven by the Mecp2 promoter for neuron-selective expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl); ready for direct injection in mammalian models. - [AAV-Mecp2-SpCas9(D10A) (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mecp2-spcas9d10a-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector encoding SpCas9(D10A) under the Mecp2 promoter for neuron-selective expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; in vivo-grade, ready-to-use. - [AAV-Mecp2-SpCas9(D10A) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mecp2-spcas9d10a-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector encoding SpCas9(D10A) under the Mecp2 promoter for neuron-selective, in vivo-grade delivery. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-CAG-GFP-httQ23 (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-httq23-serotype-2/) - AAV2-CAG-GFP-httQ23: AAV2 (AAV2 capsid/ITRs) expressing GFP‑tagged huntingtin fragment with 23 CAG repeats under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; includes infection protocol and vector map. - [AAV-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6s (Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiiα-gcamp6s-serotype-1/) - AAV1-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6s: pre-made AAV1 expressing GCaMP6s under CaMKIIα for neuron-specific calcium imaging. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6s (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiiα-gcamp6s-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector expressing GCaMP6s from the CaMKIIα promoter for neuron-specific calcium imaging. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6f (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiiα-gcamp6f-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector expressing fast GCaMP6f under the CaMKIIα promoter for neuron‑targeted calcium imaging. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6f (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiiα-gcamp6f-serotype-5/) - AAV5-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6f: pre-packaged AAV5 expressing fast GCaMP6f under the CaMKIIα promoter for neuron-specific calcium imaging. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-Cre (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1α-cre-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 expressing Cre from the human EF1α promoter; >1×10^13 VG/mL, 30 µL in sterile PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). Ready-to-use for Cre–lox recombination. - [AAV-EF1α-Cre (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1α-cre-serotype-2-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAVrg vector expressing Cre under EF1α promoter. AAV2‑retro capsid, AAV2 ITRs; >1×10^13 VG/mL, 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV(9-ENT)-CMV-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-ent-cmv-gfp/) - AAV(9-ENT)-CMV-GFP: engineered AAV9 (SLRSPPS at VP1 aa589) with enhanced cardiac vascular endothelial tropism. Encodes EGFP under CMV; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascrm-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 8 expressing U6-driven scramble shRNA and CMV-GFP reporter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied >30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 vector expressing mCherry from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use (30 µL), titer >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV(BR1)-CMV-mCherry expresses mCherry from the CMV promoter. Serotype BR1 (capsid from AAV R1; 2xITR from AAV2). >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascramble-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype 5 expressing scramble shRNA from the U6 promoter with CMV-driven GFP reporter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV(BI30)-CAG-GFP (serotype BI30) expresses EGFP from the CAG/CBA promoter. Strong CNS endothelial tropism, reported enhanced BBB crossing vs AAV9. 30 µL, >1E+13 VG/mL. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 2, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-2-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV2 expressing EGFP from the human synapsin promoter for neuron-specific labeling. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 vector expressing EGFP from the human EF1α promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-aav-serotype-php-b/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.B)-CMV-mCherry expressing mCherry from the CMV promoter. Capsid: AAV-PHP.B; 2× AAV2 ITRs. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mCherry (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mcherry-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made rAAV1 encoding mCherry driven by the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. See Infection Protocol and vector map. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV serotype 6 expressing EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - rAAV serotype PHP.eB expressing mCherry under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl; ready to use. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 2, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-2-self-complementary/) - scAAV2-Cre: self-complementary AAV2 expressing Cre under CMV. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. For Cre–lox recombination workflows. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascrm-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Recombinant AAV serotype 1 (AAV1 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing non-targeting scramble shRNA (U6) with CMV-driven GFP reporter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 1, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-1-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV2/1 (AAV1 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) encoding EGFP under the human synapsin promoter for neuron-specific expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-packaged rAAV serotype 1 (AAV1 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) driving EGFP from the human Synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 1, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-1-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV serotype 1 (scAAV1) expressing Cre under the CMV promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 1, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-1-self-complementary/) - Pre-made self‑complementary AAV serotype 1 expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made rAAV control (AAV1-CMV-Null) with AAV1 capsid and AAV2 2xITR, no transgene under CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 2, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-2-self-complementary/) - scAAV2-CMV-GFP: self-complementary AAV serotype 2 expressing EGFP under CMV. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Control for transduction and gene-expression studies. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascramble-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Ready-to-use AAV serotype 2 expressing scrambled shRNA under U6 with CMV-driven GFP. Supplied >30 µL, titer >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 5, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-5-self-complementary/) - Pre-made scAAV5 (2× AAV2 ITR) expressing EGFP under CMV. Ready-to-use, 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-5/) - AAV5-CMV-Null: AAV5 capsid with AAV2 ITRs and an empty CMV-driven cassette. Negative-control AAV, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 2 encoding EGFP driven by the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mCherry (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mcherry-aav-serotype-8/) - rAAV serotype 8 expressing mCherry (CMV). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready-to-use control vector. - [AAV-mCherry (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mcherry-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ)-mCherry expressing mCherry from the CMV promoter. Supplied at >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL. Reconstituted in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mCherry (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mcherry-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 vector (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mCherry from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; provided in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV Serotype Testing Kit](https://signagen.com/products/aav-serotype-testing-kit/) - Nine pre-made AAV-CMV-GFP vectors (serotypes 1,2,3,5,6,8,DJ/8,DJ,9), each 30 μL at >1E+13 VG/mL. Designed for comparative in vitro transduction testing; follow supplied infection protocol. - [AAV-EF1α-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP from the human EF1α promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-2/) - AAV2-Null: pre-made rAAV (AAV2 capsid, 2xITR) carrying no transgene under CMV promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6-CMV-GFP (serotype 6) with AAV2 ITRs, CMV-driven EGFP. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 vector expressing Cre recombinase under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 4)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-4/) - Pre-packaged AAV4-CMV-GFP expressing EGFP under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready-to-use control vector. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV(BI30) expressing iCre and EGFP via T2A under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [LV-CMV-mCherry-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-mcherry-puro/) - Pre-made LV-CMV-mCherry-Puro lentivirus expressing mCherry (CMV) with PGK-driven puromycin; >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL in PBS. In vivo-grade; infection protocol provided. - [AAV-CAG-hGluc (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-hgluc-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8 capsid rAAV expressing humanized Gaussia luciferase (hGluc) under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [Ad-CMV-hTP73-V5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-htp73-v5/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenoviral vector expressing human TP73 (NM_005427, Gene ID 7161) under the CMV promoter with a C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1×10^10–1×10^11 PFU/mL; supplied in DMEM + 2% BSA/2.5% glycerol. Store at −80°C. - [Ad-U6-sgRNA(SCRM)-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-u6-sgrnascrm-gfp/) - Ad-U6-sgRNA(SCRM)-GFP: Human Adenovirus Type 5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) delivering a non-targeting scramble sgRNA under U6 with CMV-driven GFP reporter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-CMV-mito-roGFP2-Orp1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-mito-rogfp2-orp1/) - Recombinant Ad (Human Adenovirus Type 5, ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing mito-roGFP2-Orp1 (CMV promoter) for ratiometric mitochondrial H₂O₂ imaging. 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-CMV-GDF5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-gdf5/) - Ad-MAX™ adenoviral vector Ad-CMV-GDF5 expresses human Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5; NCBI Acc. BC032495.1) from a CMV promoter. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-SaCas9-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-sacas9-gfp/) - Replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (E1/E3 deleted) co-expressing codon‑optimized SaCas9 and CMV-driven GFP for CRISPR genome editing. Ready-to-use; gRNAs delivered separately. - [Ad-CMV-hXPO1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-hxpo1/) - Ad-MAX adenovirus (Ad-CMV-hXPO1) expressing Exportin 1 (XPO1; NCBI BC032847). CMV promoter; no fusion tag. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-SaCas9](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-sacas9/) - Replication-deficient Human Adenovirus Type 5 (E1/E3 deleted) expressing codon‑optimized SaCas9 under CMV promoter for transient genome editing. gRNAs delivered separately. - [Ad-CMV-hATF3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-hatf3/) - Prepackaged recombinant Ad5 (ΔE1/E3) expressing human ATF3 under the CMV promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-3xFLAG-SpCas9-P2A-PuroR](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-3xflag-spcas9-p2a-puror/) - Replication‑deficient Ad5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) vector expressing codon‑optimized 3×FLAG‑SpCas9 and PuroR via P2A under CMV promoter. Ready‑to‑use for in vitro/in vivo CRISPR editing. - [Ad-PGK-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pgk-gfp/) - Replication‑deficient human adenovirus Ad5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing eGFP from the PGK promoter. Ready‑to‑use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-CYP2D6-V5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-cyp2d6-v5/) - Replication‑deficient human adenovirus 5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing human CYP2D6 with a C‑terminal V5 tag under the CMV promoter. Supplied ready‑to‑use for mammalian cell studies. - [Ad-PGK-RFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pgk-rfp/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing mRFP from the PGK promoter. Ready-to-use control for fluorescence-based transduction assays; supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM +2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-Venus-T2A-AkaLuc](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-venus-t2a-akaluc/) - Ready-to-use Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing Venus and AkaLuc via T2A under CMV. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. AkaLuc optimized for AkaLumine‑HCl; NIR emission ~675 nm. - [Ad-CMV-Cre-T2A-Luc](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-cre-t2a-luc/) - Ad-CMV-Cre-T2A-Luc: pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Cre recombinase and firefly luciferase via T2A under the CMV promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-AkaLuc](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-akaluc/) - Ad-CMV-AkaLuc: pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing AkaLuc under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Optimized for AkaLumine-HCl; near-IR emission ~675 nm. - [Ad-CMV-NLS-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-nls-gfp/) - Ad-CMV-NLS-GFP (Human Adenovirus Type 5, dE1/E3) expresses NLS‑fused eGFP from a CMV promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-Venus](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-venus/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Venus fluorescent protein under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-hGluc](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-hgluc/) - Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing codon-optimized human Gaussia luciferase (hGLuc) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-mIFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mifp/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing monomeric infrared fluorescent protein mIFP under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [Ad-GCaMP6m](https://signagen.com/products/ad-gcamp6m/) - Human adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GCaMP6m under CMV promoter. 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. See User Manual. - [Ad-CAG-GCaMP6s](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cag-gcamp6s/) - Human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GCaMP6s under the CAG promoter (CBA). Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% Glycerol. - [Ad-EYFP-Actin](https://signagen.com/products/ad-eyfp-actin/) - Ad-EYFP-Actin (Ad-CMV-EYFP-Actin): human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing EYFP-Actin fusion. EYFP Ex 513 nm / Em 527 nm. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-6xHis](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-6xhis/) - Ad-CMV-6xHis: pre-made human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing 6xHis under the CMV promoter. Supplied ready-to-use at 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-RFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-u6-shrnascramble-rfp/) - Recombinant human Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing a scramble shRNA (U6) with CMV-driven RFP reporter. Negative-control vector for knockdown studies. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-Syn-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/ad-syn-mcherry/) - Human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing mCherry under a synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted fluorescence. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Storage: DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. Use as a microscopy control to evaluate transduction efficiency. - [Ad-GCaMP6f](https://signagen.com/products/ad-gcamp6f/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GCaMP6f under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Storage buffer: DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% Glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-mcherry/) - Recombinant E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing mCherry under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-u6-shrnascrm-gfp/) - Human Adenovirus 5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing non‑targeting scramble shRNA (U6) with CMV‑driven GFP reporter. Negative‑control vector supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-ABD-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-abd-gfp/) - Ad5 (E1/E3‑deleted) adenovirus expressing GFP fused to an actin‑binding domain for live‑cell actin visualization. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-P(Insulin)-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pinsulin-gfp/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing GFP under the porcine insulin promoter (PIP). Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-U6-Blank-CMV-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-u6-blank-cmv-gfp/) - Recombinant type 5 adenovirus (E1/E3 deletion) lacking an insert under the U6 promoter with CMV-driven GFP reporter for use as an RNAi control. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-Synapsin-Null](https://signagen.com/products/ad-synapsin-null/) - Ad-Synapsin-Null: Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) null control with no insert under the human synapsin promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM +2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-mMKOS-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mmkos-gfp/) - Human Ad5 (ΔE1/E3) vector expressing polycistronic mMKOS (c‑Myc, Klf4, Oct4, Sox2) via F2A/T2A/E2A with CMV‑driven GFP. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM/2% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-Synapsin-RFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-synapsin-rfp/) - E1/E3-deleted Ad5 vector expressing monomeric RFP under the human synapsin promoter for neuron-specific expression. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-CMV-mMKOS](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mmkos/) - E1/E3-deleted Ad5 vector (Ad-CMV-mMKOS) expressing mouse c-Myc, Klf4, Oct4, Sox2 via 2A peptides under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. For fibroblast reprogramming. - [Ad-CMV-mRFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-mrfp/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad-CMV-mRFP) expressing monomeric RFP from the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; see datasheet for infection protocol. - [Ad-CMV-Luc](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-luc/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus type 5 expressing firefly luciferase from a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use stock (1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL). Consult the datasheet for infection protocol. - [Ad-TurboGFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-turbogfp/) - Replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing TurboGFP under the CMV promoter. TurboGFP (CopGFP variant) exc/em 482/502 nm. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/ad-u6-shrnascrm-mcherry/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing U6-driven scramble (SCRM) shRNA and CMV‑mCherry. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-UBC-Luc](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ubc-luc/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing firefly luciferase under the human UBC promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-mCherry-PA-Rac1-T17N](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mcherry-pa-rac1-t17n/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing mCherry‑PA‑Rac1(T17N) under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; supplied in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. Control for PA‑Rac1 photoactivation studies. - [Ad-CMV-FLPo](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-flpo/) - Pre-packaged Ad5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing mouse codon–optimized FLPo under the CMV promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-mCherry-PA-Rac1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mcherry-pa-rac1/) - Ad-CMV-mCherry-PA-Rac1: human Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing mCherry-PA-Rac1 under a CMV promoter. Photoactivation at 458–473 nm; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-EF1a-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ef1a-gfp/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing eGFP under the EF1α promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CAG-GCaMP6m](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cag-gcamp6m/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GCaMP6m under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-GCaMP6s](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-gcamp6s/) - Human adenovirus 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GCaMP6s under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CAG-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cag-gfp/) - Ad-CAG-GFP is a recombinant Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing enhanced GFP (eGFP) under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. Use as a control to assess and optimize transduction efficiency. - [Ad-CMV-SpCas9](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cas9/) - Ad5 (E1/E3‑deleted) adenovirus expressing codon‑optimized SpCas9 under the CMV promoter. For targeted genome editing when used with a guide RNA; see infection protocol. - [Ad-V5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-v5/) - Ad-V5 (Ad-CMV-V5) is a pre-made human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing V5 tag (GKPIPNPLLGLDST) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. SKU SL100978. - [Ad-CMV-ATF4](https://signagen.com/products/ad-atf4/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing human ATF4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67) under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-ship; titer 1 × 10¹⁰ – 1 × 10¹¹ PFU/mL. Storage buffer: DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-Null](https://signagen.com/products/ad-null/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 (CMV null). Ready-to-use empty vector control for in vitro and in vivo studies. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-ZsGreen](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-zsgreen/) - E1/E3-deleted Human Adenovirus Type 5 (Ad-CMV-ZsGreen) expressing ZsGreen1 under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-hOKSiM](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hoksim/) - Ad-CMV-hOKSiM (Human Adenovirus Type 5 ΔE1/E3) expresses Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and c-Myc from a single CMV promoter (2A peptides + IRES). Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-Mito-DsRed2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mito-dsred2/) - Replication-deficient Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing Mito-DsRed2 from a CMV promoter. Mito (COX VIII)–DsRed2 targets mitochondria. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM/2% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-FLAG](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-flag/) - Human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing FLAG (DYKDDDDK) under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Buffer: DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-Mito-PA-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mito-pa-gfp/) - Human adenovirus type 5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing mitochondrial-targeted PA-GFP (CMV). Photoactivate at 405 nm; excite at 488 nm. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-Cre-GFP (Cre recombinase fusion wtih GFP)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cre-gfp-cre-recombinase-fusion-wtih-gfp/) - Ad-CMV-Cre-GFP (Human Adenovirus Type5 dE1/E3) expresses Cre recombinase fused to GFP under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [Ad-CMV-Cas9(D10A)-T2A-DasherGFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-cas9d10a-t2a-dashergfp/) - E1/E3‑deleted Ad5 vector expressing codon‑optimized SpCas9(D10A) nickase under CMV, co‑expressing DasherGFP via T2A. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; DMEM/2% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-BFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-bfp/) - Ready-to-use Ad5 (ΔE1/E3) adenovirus expressing CMV-driven BFP. High titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. Vector map & protocol available. - [Ad-CMV-Rluc](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-rluc/) - Replication-deficient Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Renilla luciferase (Rluc) under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-Mito-EGFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-mito-egfp/) - Recombinant Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Mito-EGFP (Mito fused to 5'-end of EGFP) under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-Cre-GFP (co-expression of Cre recombinase and GFP)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cre-gfp-cre-recombinase-adenovirus-co-expression-with-gfp/) - Ad-CMV-Cre-CMV-GFP (Ad5 ΔE1/ΔE3) co-expresses Cre recombinase and GFP from separate CMV promoters. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; ready-to-use in DMEM with 2% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-cTNT-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ctnt-gfp/) - Recombinant Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) Ad-cTNT-GFP expresses EGFP under the human cTNT promoter for cardiac muscle–specific expression. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-gfp/) - E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing eGFP under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-LacZ](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-lacz/) - Recombinant Ad5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing LacZ under the CMV promoter for reporter assays and transduction optimization. Titer 1×10^10–1×10^11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM/2% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-tdTomato](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-tdtomato/) - Replication-deficient human adenovirus type 5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) encoding tdTomato under the CMV immediate‑early promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2% BSA & 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-Synapsin-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-synapsin-gfp/) - E1/E3‑deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 expressing eGFP under the human synapsin promoter for neuron‑specific expression. Ready‑to‑use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-iCre](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-icre/) - Pre-packaged Ad-CMV-iCre (human adenovirus serotype 5, dE1/E3) expressing codon-improved Cre (iCre) from a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CMV-mCherry-GFP-LC3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cmv-mcherry-gfp-lc3/) - Ad5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) adenoviral vector expressing mCherry–GFP–LC3 from the CMV promoter for visualization of autophagosomes (GFP+mCherry) and autolysosomes (mCherry only). - [AAV-Syn-ASAP5 (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-asap5-serotype-9/) - AAV9 vector encoding GFP-based voltage indicator ASAP5 under hSyn1 for neuron-selective optical membrane-potential imaging in cultured cells, acute slices, and intact tissue. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype hu68)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-hu68/) - Pre-made rAAV AAVhu68-CMV-Luc (serotype hu68) with AAV2 ITRs expressing firefly luciferase under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-mSncg-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-msncg-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector expressing EGFP from the mouse γ-synuclein promoter for preferential RGC and peripheral neuron labeling. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype hu68)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-hu68/) - AAVhu68-CMV-GFP: pre-made rAAV (hu68 capsid) expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter with WPRE. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL, formulated in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype hu68)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-hu68/) - Pre-made AAVhu68-CMV-Null (Hu68 capsid, AAV2 ITRs). No transgene under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL viral prep at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CaMKIIa-DIO-AKAR2-CR (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiia-dio-akar2-cr-serotype-2/) - Cre-dependent AAV2 expressing AKAR2-CR under the CaMKII promoter. DIO design for Cre-driver models; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-Synapsin-tdTOMATO (Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-tdtomato-serotype-br1/) - rAAV (BR1 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing tdTomato from the Synapsin promoter for neuron-selective labeling. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mSncg-Twitch2b (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-msncg-twitch2b-serotype-2/) - AAV2 vector expressing Twitch2b under the mouse gamma‑synuclein (mSncg) promoter for preferential neuronal expression. FRET ratiometric calcium indicator; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-Syn-mCherry-P2A-hSNCA (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-mcherry-p2a-hsnca-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) driving neuron-specific co-expression of mCherry and hSNCA via the human Syn promoter. P2A-linked bicistronic cassette. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-Syn-hSNCA-P2A-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-hsnca-p2a-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made rAAV (PHP.eB; AAV2 ITRs) for neuron-specific co-expression of hSNCA and GFP under the hSyn promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry-P2A-hSNCA (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-p2a-hsnca-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mCherry and human alpha-synuclein from a CAG promoter via a P2A bicistronic cassette. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-Syn-hSNCA (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-hsnca-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-Syn-hSNCA for neuron-selective expression of human alpha-synuclein (hSNCA). PHP.eB capsid for enhanced CNS transduction in mice. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-Syn-SaCas9 (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-sacas9-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV9 capsid, 2x ITR from AAV2) expressing SaCas9 under the human Synapsin promoter. Ready-to-use rAAV; reported titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-TAU(P301S)-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-taup301s-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9-CBh-TAU(P301S)-mCherry expresses human TAU(P301S) with mCherry (CBh promoter). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; buffer: PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Tau(P301S) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-taup301s-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector (AAV2 ITRs) encoding human Tau(P301S) under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; stored in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-TAU(P301L-S320F)-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-taup301l-s320f-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing human TAU(P301L-S320F) with mCherry under the CBh promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; stored in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Tau(P301L) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-taup301l-serotype-9/) - AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing human Tau(P301L) from the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl; for in vitro and in vivo tau pathology studies. - [AAV-CAG-EGFP-P2A-TAU(P301L) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-egfp-p2a-taup301l-serotype-9/) - rAAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) encoding EGFP-P2A-TAU(P301L) under the CAG promoter for bicistronic expression with EGFP reporter-enabled tracking. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV9-CBh-TAU(P301L-S320F)-FLAG (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-cbh-taup301l-s320f-flag-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing human TAU(P301L-S320F) under the CBh promoter with C-terminal FLAG. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-iGluSnFR (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-iglusnfr-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector (hSyn promoter) expressing iGluSnFR for neuron-preferring fluorescent detection of extracellular glutamate. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-Syn-iGABASnFR (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-igabasnfr-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector for neuron-specific expression of iGABASnFR (hSyn promoter). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. See infection protocol. - [AAV-WMHBV (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-wmhbv-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made recombinant AAV8 (AAV8 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) carrying the complete Woolly Monkey hepatitis B virus genome. Liver-tropic; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied >30 µL. - [AAV-Syn-httQ18 (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-httq18-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made rAAV (PHP.eB capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing an HTT fragment with 18 CAGs under hSyn for neuron-specific expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; ready-to-use. Enhanced CNS transduction reported in mice. - [AAV-Syn-httQ150 (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-httq150-serotype-php-eb/) - AAV-Syn-httQ150 packaged in PHP.eB (AAV2 ITRs) drives neuron-specific expression of an HTT fragment with 150 CAG repeats (polyQ150). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL for CNS/neurodegeneration research. - [AAV-Mecp2-GFP (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mecp2-gfp-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector with Mecp2-driven GFP for neuron-targeted labeling. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. QC: qPCR, SDS-PAGE, endotoxin testing. - [AAV-CAG-DIO-mCherry-shRNAmiR(SCRM) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-dio-mcherry-shrnamirscrm-serotype-9/) - AAV9 vector with CAG-driven, Cre-dependent mCherry reporter and miR‑30–embedded scrambled shRNAmir (SCRM). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. See datasheet for protocol. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry-WPRE (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-wpre-aav-serotype-9-2/) - AAV9-CAG-mCherry-WPRE: AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mCherry from the CAG (CBA) promoter with WPRE and SV40 polyA. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). Suitable for in vitro and in vivo cell labeling and transduction studies. - [AAV-CAG-GFP-DIO-shRNAmiR(SCRM) (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-dio-shrnamirscrm-serotype-9/) - AAV9 with CAG-driven EGFP and a Cre-dependent DIO scrambled shRNAmir (miR-30). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry-WPRE (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-wpre-aav-serotype-9/) - Ready-to-use AAV9-CAG-mCherry-WPRE (AAV2 ITRs). CAG (CBA) promoter driving mCherry with hGH polyA; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Cre (Serotype 2-GEC)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-cre-serotype-2-gec/) - AAV(2-GEC)-CMV-Cre: pre-packaged rAAV with AAV2-GEC capsid targeting glomerular endothelial cells, CMV-driven Cre expression. Supplied 30 µL, titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-CAG-tdTomato-DIO-shRNAmir(SCRM) (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tdtomato-flex-shrnamirscrm-serotype-bi30/) - Recombinant AAV(BI30) with constitutive CAG-driven tdTomato plus Cre-activated DIO shRNAmir(SCRM) in a miR‑30 backbone. Non‑targeting RNAi control. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-HBV1.0 (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hbv1-0-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8-HBV1.0 recombinant AAV carrying a complete HBV genome (genotype D, ayw). Supplied fully packaged; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TRE3G-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tre3g-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing eGFP from TRE3G inducible promoter; compatible with Tet‑On/Tet‑Off. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-TRE3G-Cre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tre3g-cre-aav-serotype-9/) - Recombinant AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing Cre from the TRE3G promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). Ready-to-use; inducible with Tet-On/Tet-Off. - [AAV-CAG-Tet-On(3G)-WPRE (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-cag-tet-on3g-wpre/) - Recombinant AAV9 (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing Tet‑On(3G) from the CAG promoter with WPRE. Doxycycline‑responsive activation of TRE promoters; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-CaMKIIα-GCaMP6f-P2A-NLS-dTOMATO (Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiiα-gcamp6f-p2a-nls-dtomato-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector expressing GCaMP6f and NLS‑dTomato via P2A under the CaMKIIα promoter for neuron‑targeted calcium imaging. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-CAG-GFP (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascrm-cag-gfp-serotype-9/) - AAV9 rAAV expressing non-targeting U6 shRNA with CAG-driven GFP reporter. Negative-control for knockdown studies; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV2-CAG-mCherry-GFP-LC3](https://signagen.com/products/aav2-cag-mcherry-gfp-lc3/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector expressing mCherry–GFP–LC3 under the CAG/CBA promoter for autophagy assays. Packaged in AAV2 capsids with 2× ITRs; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV9-CAG-DIO-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-cag-dio-mcherry/) - AAV9-CAG-DIO-mCherry: pre-made AAV9 for Cre-dependent (DIO/FLEX) expression of mCherry under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied >1x10^13 VG/mL, 30 µL, PBS+Pluronic. - [AAV-CAG-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-T2A-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-dio-hm3dgq-t2a-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Cre-dependent AAV9 vector expressing hM3D(Gq) DREADD with T2A‑mCherry under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use; >1×10^13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-Cre (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1α-cre-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 expressing Cre from the EF1α promoter; AAV2 ITRs; supplied >1x10^13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV8-TBG-GFP-shRNAmir(SCRM)](https://signagen.com/products/aav8-tbg-gfp-shrnamirscrm/) - Pre-made AAV8 expressing GFP and a scrambled shRNAmir from the liver-specific TBG promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV9-CBh-AkaLuc-WPRE](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-cbh-akaluc-wpre/) - AAV9 rAAV expressing AkaLuc under the CBh promoter. Near‑infrared emission (~675 nm), optimized for AkaLumine‑HCl; supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL (30 µL). - [AAV9-GFAP-mCherry-shRNAmir(SCRM)](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-gfap-mcherry-shrnamirscrm/) - AAV9 expressing mCherry and a scrambled shRNAmir from the human GFAP promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV9-Syn-GFP-shRNAmir(SCRM)](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-syn-gfp-shrnamirscrm/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing GFP and a scrambled shRNAmir from the human synapsin promoter for neuron-specific expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-mCherry-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-mcherry-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - AAV(BI30)-CBh-mCherry-3xmiR122: pre-made rAAV (serotype BI30; CNS endothelial tropism) expressing mCherry from the CBh promoter with 3xmiR122 to reduce hepatocyte expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV9-CMV-GFP-shRNAmir(SCRM)](https://signagen.com/products/aav9-cmv-gfp-shrnamirscrm/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing GFP and a scrambled shRNAmir control from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-nanoLuc-T2A-mCherry (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-nanoluc-t2a-mcherry-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged AAV8 (2xITR AAV2) expressing NanoLuc and T2A-linked mCherry under the CAG/CBA promoter. 30 µL, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-mGAD65-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mgad65-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - AAV(PHP.eB) expressing EGFP driven by the mouse GAD65 promoter for GABAergic interneuron–targeted transduction. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-mCherry (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-mcherry-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype BI30 expressing iCre and mCherry (T2A) under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mGAD65-mCherry (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mgad65-mcherry-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype PHP.eB) expressing mCherry from the mouse GAD65 promoter for GABAergic interneuron transduction. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; ready-to-use. - [AAV-TNNT2-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tnnt2-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 for cardiac-specific mCherry expression driven by the chicken TNNT2 (cTNT) promoter. Capsid AAV9; 2xITR from AAV2. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-EFs-GFP (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-efs-gfp-serotype-bi30/) - rAAV (serotype BI30) expressing EGFP from the EF1alpha core promoter; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Capsid tropism for CNS endothelial cells. - [AAV-TNNT2-GFP (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tnnt2-gfp-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9-TNNT2-GFP for cardiac-specific EGFP expression under the chicken TNNT2 (cTNT) promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-TagRFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-tagrfp-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 expressing TagRFP from the human Synapsin promoter for neuron-specific red fluorescence. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-GFP-P2A-Cre (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-p2a-cre-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB) with hSyn-driven EGFP and P2A-linked Cre; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). Reported BBB penetration; ~5× CNS transduction vs PHP.B. - [AAV-CAG-TagRFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tagrfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 expressing TagRFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready to use. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (Serotype Rec2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-serotype-rec2/) - AAV(Rec2)-CAG-GFP: pre-made rAAV (serotype Rec2) expressing EGFP from the CAG/CBA promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS +0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. Reported adipose (brown & white) transduction. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-CAG-GFP (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascrm-cag-gfp-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV(BI30) expressing scramble shRNA (U6) with CAG-driven GFP reporter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL vial; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EFs-GFP (Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-efs-gfp-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ)-EFs-GFP expressing EGFP from the small EF1α (EFs) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc (AAV Serotype rh74)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-aav-serotype-rh74/) - AAVrh74-CAG-Luc: pre-made rAAV in rh74 capsid expressing firefly luciferase from the CAG/CBA promoter. Muscle‑tropic for skeletal and cardiac tissue; >1E+13 VG/mL; ready to use. - [AAV-Syn-Cre-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - AAV(PHP.eB)-Syn-Cre-GFP expresses Cre‑GFP under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron‑selective expression. Reported titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-AVXS-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-avxs-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made self-complementary scAAV9 expressing EGFP under the CMV enhancer/Chicken-β-Actin Hybrid Promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS, 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-CAG-nanoLuc-T2A-GFP (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-nanoluc-t2a-gfp-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 (AAV5 capsid; AAV2 ITRs) expressing NanoLuc and GFP via T2A under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-DIO-tdTomato (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-dio-tdtomato-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 DIO vector expressing tdTomato under the human synapsin (hSyn) promoter. Cre‑dependent; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFAP-NULL (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfap-null-aav-serotype-5/) - In vivo-grade AAV5 control (AAV5-GFAP-NULL): empty vector under the GFAP promoter, super-purified, >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-TATAlox-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tatalox-u6-shrnascrm-mcherry-serotype-9/) - AAV9 pre-made vector expressing mCherry (CAG) and scramble shRNA (U6; TATAlox Cre‑dependent). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-NULL (AAV Serotype Myo4E)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-myo4e/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (serotype Myo4E) with no transgene under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-NULL (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made rAAV control AAV(BI30)-CMV-Null (serotype BI30) with tropism for CNS endothelial cells. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL standard pack; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype Myo2A)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-myo2a/) - Pre-packaged AAV(Myo2A)-CMV-NULL: CMV-driven null rAAV control, titer >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL, formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-iCre (AAV Serotype 6.2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-icre-aav-serotype-6-2/) - Pre‑packaged AAV6.2-CMV-iCre expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under CMV promoter; serotype 6.2 (AAV2 2×ITR), VP1 F129L mutation, titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Ready‑to‑use for Cre‑lox experiments. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 6.2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-6-2/) - Pre-made rAAV6.2 encoding EGFP under the CMV promoter. Capsid F129L mutation enhances airway/lung epithelial transduction. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-NULL-3xmiR122 (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-3xmir122-aav-serotype-bi30/) - Control rAAV AAV(BI30)-CMV-Null-3xmiR122: serotype BI30 (CNS endothelial tropism), CMV-driven no-transgene cassette with 3xmiR122 to reduce hepatocyte expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-Syn-iCre (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-Synapsin-iCre for neuron‑restricted Cre expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - AAV(PHP.eB)-CBh-GFP: ready-to-use rAAV expressing GFP from the CBh promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL pack; sterile PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. Reported BBB crossing and enhanced IV CNS transduction vs PHP.B. - [AAV-CaMKII-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkii-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 (AAV-CaMKII-GFP) expressing EGFP under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron‑restricted expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CMV-FLPo (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-flpo-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-packaged AAV(PHP.eB) expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1x10^13 VG/mL; stored in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TTR-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ttr-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP under the liver-specific TTR promoter. Supplied ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CamKIIa-NES-jRGECO1a (Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkiia-nes-jrgeco1a-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ) expressing jRGECO1a under the neuron-specific CaMKIIα promoter with NES for cytoplasmic localization. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; PBS formulation. - [AAV-CMV-DIO-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-dio-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV9-CMV-DIO-mCherry) for Cre-dependent CMV-driven mCherry expression (DIO/FLEX). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1a-mCherry-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1a-mcherry-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV(BI30)-EF1α-mCherry-3xmiR122 (30 µL, >1E+13 VG/mL). BI30 capsid with CNS endothelial tropism. Reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV(BI30) expressing firefly luciferase from the CAG promoter with 3xmiR122 repeats to reduce hepatocyte expression. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-packaged AAV(BI30) expressing CAG-driven fLuc and EGFP (T2A-linked) with 3xmiR122 to limit hepatic expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (Serotype Myo4E)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-serotype-myo4e/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (serotype Myo4E, capsid mutated from AAV9) expressing EGFP from the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS/Pluronic. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (Serotype Myo2A)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-serotype-myo2a/) - AAV(Myo2A)-CMV-GFP: pre-made rAAV expressing GFP from the CMV promoter in serotype Myo2A (muscle tropism). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-GFP (Serotype Myo4E)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-serotype-myo4e/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV-CBh-GFP in serotype Myo4E (AAV9 mutant) expressing GFP from the CBh promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (Serotype Myo4E)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-serotype-myo4e/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (serotype Myo4E) overexpressing GFP from the CMV promoter. Muscle‑tropic, ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-GFP (Serotype Myo2A)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-serotype-myo2a/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV(Myo2A)-CBh-GFP: CBh-driven GFP in Myo2A (AAV9-derived) capsid with reported muscle tropism. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL. - [AAV-Syn-NULL (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-null-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype PHP.eB) with no transgene under the human Synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mCherry from the CBh promoter. Supplied >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl; ready-to-use. - [AAV-Syn-NULL (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-null-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 5 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) carrying no transgene under the human Synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-NULL (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-null-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (capsid AAV9, 2×ITR AAV2) carrying no transgene under the human Synapsin promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-NULL (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-null-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made rAAV1 (capsid AAV1, 2xITR from AAV2) carrying no transgene under the human Synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; sterile PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-Luc (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-luc-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8 vector (2x AAV2 ITRs) expressing firefly luciferase under the human Synapsin promoter for neuronal-specific expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-Luc (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-luc-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) expressing firefly luciferase (fLuc) from the human Synapsin promoter for neuronal specific expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Syn-Luc (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-luc-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1-Syn-Luc: pre-made rAAV expressing firefly luciferase under the human Synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Syn-Luc (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-luc-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-packaged rAAV6 (AAV6 capsid; 2× AAV2 ITRs) encoding fLuc under the human Synapsin promoter for neuronal-targeted expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6 rAAV expressing iCre-T2A-GFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aavrg-cag-icre-t2a-gfp/) - Pre-packaged AAVrg expressing iCre and GFP via T2A under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-serotype-bi30/) - Ready-to-use AAV(BI30) expressing firefly luciferase + GFP (T2A) under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mDLX-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mdlx-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 vector expressing EGFP from the mouse DLX promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-serotype-bi30/) - AAV(BI30)-CAG-Cre: BI30 capsid with CNS endothelial tropism, CAG-driven Cre recombinase. Ready-to-use 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-GFP-T2A-fLuc (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-t2a-fluc-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 (AAV5 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) co-expressing EGFP and firefly luciferase (fLuc) via T2A under the CBh promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-GFP-T2A-fLuc (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-t2a-fluc-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 (AAV-CBh-GFP-T2A-fLuc) expressing EGFP and firefly luciferase under the CBh promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-serotype-2-retro/) - Pre-made AAVrg-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (AAV2-Retro) expressing firefly luciferase and GFP under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; ready to use. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 (2xITR AAV2) expressing firefly luciferase and GFP (T2A) from the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-mCherry (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-mcherry-aav-serotype-bi30/) - Recombinant AAV(BI30)-EF1α-mCherry packaged in the BI30 capsid (strong CNS endothelial tropism). EF1α-driven mCherry expression. Supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-NLS-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-nls-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-packaged AAV6 vector expressing EGFP‑SV40 NLS under the CAG promoter. 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 (2xITR AAV2) encoding iCre-T2A-GFP under CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. See vector map and infection protocol for details. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made recombinant AAV5 (AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP) co-expressing iCre and GFP via T2A under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 vector encoding iCre-T2A-GFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied ready-to-use: >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and protocol available. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector expressing iCre and GFP via T2A under CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-GFP-T2A-fLuc (Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-t2a-fluc-serotype-6/) - AAV6 capsid rAAV (AAV2 2xITR) expressing EGFP and firefly luciferase via T2A under the CBh promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CBh-GFP-T2A-fLuc (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-t2a-fluc-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector (2xITR AAV2) expressing GFP and firefly luciferase (fLuc) via T2A under the CBh promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-DIO-tdTOMATO (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aavrg-cag-dio-tdtomato/) - Pre-made AAVrg (AAV2‑retro) for Cre-dependent tdTOMATO expression under the CAG (CBA) promoter. DIO (loxP/lox2272) format, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-bi30/) - AAV(BI30)-CMV-Cre-GFP: BI30 capsid with reported CNS endothelial tropism; dual CMV cassettes express Cre recombinase and EGFP. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-CAG-DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aavrg-cag-dio-chief-tdtomato/) - Pre-made AAV2-retro (AAVrg) encoding Cre-dependent ChIEF-tdTOMATO under the CAG promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made AAV(BR1) expressing firefly luciferase and GFP via T2A under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector expressing firefly luciferase and GFP (T2A) under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-serotype-5/) - AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (AAV5): pre-made rAAV with AAV5 capsid and AAV2 2xITR, CAG-driven firefly luciferase and T2A-GFP co-expression. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-aav-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-packaged AAV(BI30)-CAG-Luc expressing firefly luciferase from the CAG/CBA promoter. BI30 capsid with CNS endothelial tropism. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-CAG-Mito-EGFP (Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mito-egfp-serotype-1/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV1 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) expressing Mito‑EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Mito = Cox8 subunit VIII. Titer >1E13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Mito-EGFP (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mito-egfp-serotype-2/) - AAV2 vector expressing Mito‑EGFP under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL vial; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-nanoLuc-T2A-GFP (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-nanoluc-t2a-gfp-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV-CAG-nanoLuc-T2A-GFP) expressing NanoLuc and GFP from the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; resuspended in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-nanoLuc-T2A-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-nanoluc-t2a-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV9 expressing nanoLuc and mCherry (T2A) under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-mCherry (Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-mcherry-serotype-php-s/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.S)-CAG-Cre-mCherry expresses Cre‑mCherry from the CAG promoter for Cre–lox recombination. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS + Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-nanoLuc-T2A-mCherry (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-nanoluc-t2a-mcherry-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 vector (2×ITR AAV2) expressing nanoLuc and mCherry (T2A) under CAG promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CMV-nanoLuc-T2A-mCherry (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-nanoluc-t2a-mcherry-serotype-8/) - AAV8 vector co-expressing NanoLuc luciferase and mCherry under a CMV promoter via a T2A peptide. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-mcherry-serotype-9/) - AAV9-CAG-Cre-mCherry: pre-made rAAV (capsid AAV1; 2×ITR AAV2) expressing Cre‑mCherry under the CAG/CBA promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; sterile PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. Ready-to-use for Cre–lox. - [AAV-CAG-NULL (AAV Serotype rh74)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-null-aav-serotype-rh74/) - AAVrh74-CAG-Null pre-made rAAV control (serotype rh74) for muscle-targeted transduction; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in sterile PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8-CAG-mCherry (AAV8 capsid, 2xITR from AAV2) expressing mCherry from the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-NLS-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-nls-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 (AAV-CMV-NLS-GFP) expressing EGFP-SV40 NLS under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFAP-tdTomato (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfap-tdtomato-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made in vivo-grade AAV5-GFAP-tdTomato expressing tdTomato under GFAP for preferential astrocyte/glia labeling. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CBh-GFP-T2A-fLuc (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-t2a-fluc-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (2×ITR AAV2) expressing EGFP and fLuc (T2A) under the CBh promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFAP-tdTomato (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfap-tdtomato-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector encoding tdTomato under the GFAP promoter for predominant astrocyte/glial expression. In vivo-grade purification; >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ZsGreen (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-zsgreen-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made recombinant AAV9 (AAV9 capsid; AAV2 2xITR) expressing ZsGreen under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use; reported titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ZsGreen (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-zsgreen-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 rAAV expressing ZsGreen under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ZsGreen (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-zsgreen-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV serotype 5; AAV5 capsid, AAV2 2×ITRs) expressing ZsGreen under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-tdTomato (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tdtomato-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing tdTomato under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol included. - [AAV-CMV-GFP-T2A-fLuc (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-t2a-fluc-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (2xITR from AAV2) expressing EGFP and firefly luciferase via T2A under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-GFP (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made rAAV (BR1) expressing EGFP under the human Synapsin promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-NULL (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made AAV(BR1)-Null: BR1 capsid with AAV2 2×ITRs carrying no transgene under CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-DIO-GFP (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-dio-gfp-aav-serotype-br1/) - Cre‑dependent AAV(BR1)-hSyn-DIO-GFP for hSyn-driven GFP expression (DIO/FLEX). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made self-complementary AAV: scAAV(BR1)-CMV-GFP expresses EGFP from CMV promoter. BR1 capsid (2× AAV2 ITR), >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EFs-GFP (AAV Serotype rh10)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-efs-gfp-aav-serotype-rh10/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV-EFs-GFP (rh10 capsid; AAV2 2×ITR) expressing EGFP from the EF1alpha core promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-EFs-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-efs-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV9 (capsid AAV9, 2xITR AAV2) expressing EGFP under EF1alpha core promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-aav-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-packaged AAV(BI30)-CAG-mCherry: AAV2 ITR vector expressing mCherry from the CAG promoter. BI30 capsid shows strong CNS endothelial tropism. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-mDLX-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mdlx-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV expressing mCherry from the mouse DLX promoter. Capsid reported as AAV5 (2xITR AAV2); titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CaMKII-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkii-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 vector AAV-CaMKII-GFP encoding EGFP (source lists human Synapsin promoter). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CaMKII-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkii-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV6 capsid; 2× AAV2 ITRs) encoding EGFP for neuronal expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Promoter listed as CaMKII and Synapsin. - [AAV-mDLX-mCherry (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mdlx-mcherry-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6 vector expressing EmCherry from the mouse DLX promoter; >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL, supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-mCherry (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-mcherry-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV-Syn-mCherry (serotype 6) encoding mCherry under the human Synapsin promoter (neuronal expression). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-Syn-DIO-tdTomato (Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-dio-tdtomato-serotype-1/) - AAV1 (AAV-Syn-DIO-tdTomato): pre-made Cre‑dependent rAAV for tdTomato expression under the human synapsin promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mDLX-mCherry (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mdlx-mcherry-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV2) expressing EmCherry under the mouse DLX promoter. Supplied >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-hSyn-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-hchr2h134r-eyfp-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 2 expressing hChR2(H134R)-EYFP under the human synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mDLX-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mdlx-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV9 capsid, 2× AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP under the mouse DLX promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mDLX-mCherry (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mdlx-mcherry-serotype-5/) - Pre-made rAAV5 (AAV5 capsid; 2×ITR AAV2) expressing mCherry from the mouse DLX promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Cre (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-cre-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAVrg (AAV2‑retro) vector expressing Cre under the CMV promoter for retrograde neuronal transduction and Cre/loxP manipulation. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-mDLX-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mdlx-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV2-mDLX-GFP (serotype 2) over-expressing EGFP under the mouse DLX promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-serotype-retrograde/) - scAAVrg-CMV-GFP: self-complementary AAVrg expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-br1/) - AAV(BR1)-CAG-Cre-GFP: rAAV expressing Cre‑EGFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - AAVrg-Null (AAV2‑Retro) negative-control rAAV with AAVrg capsid and AAV2 ITRs. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-made AAV(BI30) expressing Cre-EGFP under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in sterile PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). BI30 capsid with CNS endothelial cell tropism. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-br1/) - AAV(BR1)-CAG-Cre: ready-to-use recombinant AAV expressing Cre under the CAG (CBA) promoter. BR1 capsid with AAV2 ITRs; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [scAAV-CBh-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cbh-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - Self-complementary AAV9 (scAAV9-CBh-mCherry) expresses mCherry from the CBh promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry-T2A-Luc (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-t2a-luc-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 2 vector overexpressing firefly luciferase (fLuc) and mCherry (T2A) under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mCherry-T2A-Luc (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-mcherry-t2a-luc-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 2×ITR) encoding CMV-driven mCherry-T2A-fLuc; >1E13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready to use. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - AAVrg-CAG-mCherry (AAV2‑retro) rAAV expressing mCherry from the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-mCherry (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-mcherry-serotype-2-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAVrg (AAV2-retro) expressing Cre‑mCherry from the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-SaCas9 (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-sacas9-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made recombinant AAV (serotype 1) expressing SaCas9 under CMV promoter. Capsid AAV1 with 2xITR from AAV2. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-SaCas9 (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-sacas9-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged rAAV9 expressing SaCas9 (Staphylococcus aureus) under the human Synapsin promoter. Ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Cre (AAV Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-cre-aav-serotype-php-s/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.S)-CMV-Cre expressing Cre from the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). For Cre‑lox site-specific recombination. - [AAV-EF1α-FRT-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-frt-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector (AAV2 ITRs) expressing GFP from the EF1α promoter in an FLP-dependent (FRT) cassette. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Null (AAV Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-null-aav-serotype-php-s/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.S)-CMV-Null control vector (>1E+13 VG/mL). 30 µL vial in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-CMV-Cre (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-cre-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-CMV-Cre expressing Cre from the CMV promoter for Cre‑lox recombination. Ready-to-use, titer >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV(PHP.eB)-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP expressing iCre and GFP (T2A) under the CAG/CBA promoter. Serotype PHP.eB; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-iCre-T2A-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-t2a-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB) expressing iCre and GFP (T2A) under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal-directed expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-hGluc (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-hgluc-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector (AAV-CAG-hGluc) overexpresses humanized Gaussia luciferase (hGluc) from the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-mCherry (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-mcherry-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-packaged AAV serotype 1 expressing mCherry under the EF1α promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL vial at >1E+13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-GFP (Serotype 4)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1α-gfp-serotype-4/) - Pre-made AAV4 vector expressing EGFP from the EF1α promoter. Supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL (30 µL) in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Rluc (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-rluc-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 1; 2xITR AAV2) expressing Renilla luciferase under CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CB6-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cb6-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8-CB6-GFP expressing EGFP from CB6 promoter. 30 µL; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-hSyn-DIO-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-dio-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 (AAV-hSyn-DIO-GFP) for Cre‑dependent GFP expression from the human synapsin promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-tMCK-mCherry (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tmck-mcherry-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 (AAV1 capsid; AAV2 2xITR) expressing mCherry under the tMCK muscle promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-mCherry (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-mcherry-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 (AAV5 capsid; 2× AAV2 ITR) expressing mCherry from the human Synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-tMCK-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tmck-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 expressing mCherry under tMCK (triple MCK enhancer) for muscle-cell expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-Luc (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-luc-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5-Syn-Luc rAAV (AAV5 capsid; 2× AAV2 ITR) expressing firefly luciferase under the human Synapsin promoter. Supplied >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-br1/) - AAV(BR1)-CMV-Luc: ready-to-use rAAV (serotype BR1; 2×ITR AAV2) expressing firefly luciferase from a CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-Cre (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV serotype 5 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) expressing Cre under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-hchr2h134r-eyfp-serotype-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAV(2‑retro) expressing humanized ChR2(H134R)-EYFP under hSyn promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Rluc (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-rluc-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (2×ITR AAV2) expressing Renilla luciferase under CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL standard pack. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-php-b/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.B)-Null (CMV promoter, no transgene) control vector; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CaMKII-GCaMP6m (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkii-gcamp6m-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 expressing GCaMP6m under the CaMKII promoter for neuronal expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-br1/) - AAV(BR1)-CMV-GFP: ready-to-use rAAV (serotype BR1) over-expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6m (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6m-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (AAV5 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing GCaMP6m from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; buffer: sterile PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6f (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6f-aav-serotype-5/) - AAV5 vector expressing GCaMP6f under CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6s (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6s-aav-serotype-5/) - AAV5-CAG-GCaMP6s: pre-made rAAV (capsid AAV5, 2xITR AAV2) expressing GCaMP6s under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6m (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6m-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV serotype 1 expressing GCaMP6m under the CAG (CBA) promoter; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-ApoE/AAT1-Null (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-apoe-aat1-null-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 negative-control vector (AAV2 ITRs) with ApoE/AAT1 hybrid promoter for liver-directed studies. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-cTNT-Null (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ctnt-null-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-cTNT-Null: pre-made recombinant AAV control with cTNT promoter (no transgene), AAV9 capsid with AAV2 2×ITR. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-aMHC-Null (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-amhc-null-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector (2×ITR from AAV2) carrying no transgene under the mouse αMHC promoter. Control rAAV; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-FLPo (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-flpo-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-packaged CMV-driven, mouse codon‑optimized FLPo recombinase. Ready-to-use rAAV >1x10^13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-FLPo (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-flpo-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 (capsid AAV6, 2× ITR AAV2) expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under CMV. Ready-to-use; >1×10^13 VG/mL; >30 µL. PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-FLPo (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-flpo-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under CMV promoter. Capsid AAV8, 2× AAV2 ITRs. Titer >1×10^13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-FLPo (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-flpo-aav-serotype-5/) - AAV5-CMV-FLPo pre-packaged rAAV expressing mouse‑codon‑optimized FLPo under CMV promoter; > 1x10^13 VG/mL, 30 µL, supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-FLPo (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-flpo-aav-serotype-2/) - AAV serotype 2 expressing mouse‑codon‑optimized FLPo under CMV; >1×10^13 VG/mL. Supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-FLPo (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-flpo-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo from the CAG promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-FLPo (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-flpo-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6 rAAV expressing mouse‑codon‑optimized FLPo under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready‑to‑use; >1×10^13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-FLPo (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-flpo-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 5 expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under the human synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted FRT recombination. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-FLPo (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-flpo-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 vector (AAV6 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) expressing mouse‑codon‑optimized FLPo from the human synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-FLPo (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-flpo-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mammalian codon‑optimized FLPo under the human synapsin promoter for neuron‑preferred FLP/FRT applications. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-EF1a-FRT-mCherry (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1a-frt-mcherry-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ)-EF1α-FRT-mCherry for FLP-dependent mCherry expression under EF1α. 30 µL; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-FLPo (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-flpo-aav-serotype-2/) - AAV2 vector encoding mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-tdTomato (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tdtomato-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-packaged AAV1 expressing tdTOMATO from the CAG/CBA promoter. 30 µL, >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready to use. - [AAV-EF1a-FRT-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1a-frt-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector expressing mCherry from EF1α in an FLP-dependent (FRT) configuration. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-Syn-iCre (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (serotype 8) expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under the human synapsin promoter for neuron‑selective expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL. - [AAV-CAG-Rluc (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-rluc-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing Renilla luciferase under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-iCre (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-aav-serotype-5/) - AAV5 vector expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Ready‑to‑use; >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. For Cre–lox experiments in cells and animal studies. - [AAV-CMV-iCre (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-icre-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged AAV8 vector expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under CMV promoter. Supplied >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-iCre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-icre-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 9) over-expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) from a CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-iCre (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-icre-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-packaged rAAV expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under CMV. Serotype 6 capsid with 2xITR from AAV2. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL. - [AAV-ApoE/AAT1-Cre (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-apoe-aat1-cre-serotype-8/) - AAV8 vector expressing Cre driven by the ApoE/AAT1 promoter for hepatocyte-selective recombination. Ready-to-use, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CMV-iCre (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-icre-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre‑packaged AAV5 expressing codon‑improved iCre from CMV promoter. Ready‑to‑use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-ApoE/AAT1-GFP (Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-apoe-aat1-gfp-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 for hepatocyte-selective EGFP expression driven by the ApoE/AAT1 promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-hAsCpf1 (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-hascpf1-aav-serotype-2/) - AAV serotype 2 rAAV expressing human codon‑optimized hAsCpf1 under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-hAsCpf1 (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-hascpf1-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 rAAV expressing human codon‑optimized Cpf1 (hAsCpf1) under CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Use with guided RNA for genome‑editing. - [AAV-CAG-iCre (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV(PHP.eB)-CAG-iCre expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-FLPo (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-flpo-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype 8 expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ) expressing EGFP under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron‑restricted expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; supplied in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 4, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-4-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary rAAV (AAV4 capsid, 2×AAV2 ITRs) expressing Cre under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 4)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-4/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV serotype 4, AAV2 2xITR) expressing EGFP under human Synapsin promoter for neuronal-restricted expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS/Pluronic/200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 3)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-3/) - rAAV serotype 3 expressing EGFP from the human Synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-Cre (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-cre-aav-serotype-dj/) - rAAV serotype DJ expressing Cre recombinase under the human synapsin promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; formulation: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 3)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-3/) - AAV3-CMV-Cre: pre-made rAAV (AAV3 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) expressing Cre from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, titer >1E13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ/8, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-8-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV (serotype DJ/8) expressing EGFP under the human synapsin promoter for neuron‑restricted expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Synapsin-Cre (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-cre-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - rAAV(DJ/8) expressing Cre recombinase under the human synapsin promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. See vector map and infection protocol. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Self-complementary AAV (scAAV) serotype PHP.eB expressing EGFP from CMV. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Reported improved BBB CNS transduction vs PHP.B. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype DJ/8, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-dj-8-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary scAAV(DJ/8)-CMV-Cre expressing Cre recombinase for Cre‑lox recombination. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - AAVrg-CMV-GFP (AAV2-retro): pre-made rAAV expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Engineered for retrograde neuronal transport; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 expressing Cre under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL vial, titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-hAsCpf1 (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-hascpf1-aav-serotype-9/) - Recombinant AAV9 expressing human codon‑optimized hAsCpf1 under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1a-mCherry (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1a-mcherry-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 expressing mCherry under EF1α. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (sterile PBS, 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). Ready-to-use; protocol included. - [AAV-EF1alpha-DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1alpha-dio-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8, Cre-dependent EF1alpha-driven DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-hSyn-DIO-mCherry (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-dio-mcherry-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8-hSyn-DIO-mCherry: Cre‑dependent expression of mCherry from the hSyn promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-FRT-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-frt-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 (2×ITR AAV2) expressing GFP from EF1α in an FLP‑dependent (FRT) cassette. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 expressing mCherry driven by human Synapsin promoter for neuron‑specific expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-RFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-rfp-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6‑Synapsin‑RFP: Serotype 6 AAV expressing RFP under the Synapsin promoter for neuron‑restricted expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-hSyn-DIO-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-dio-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 6 with Cre-dependent (DIO) GFP under the hSyn promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-Cre-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - AAVrg (AAV2‑retro) packaged rAAV expressing Cre‑GFP under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron‑specific labeling, retrograde circuit tracing and Cre‑dependent manipulation. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-U6-miRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-mirnascramble-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 negative-control vector expressing a non-targeting U6-driven miRNA with CMV-driven EGFP reporter. Supplied >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1α-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mCherry from the EF1α promoter. Ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-U6-miRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-mirnascramble-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - AAV2 expressing scramble miRNA (U6) with CMV-driven GFP reporter. Control vector for gene knockdown studies. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-Synapsin-Cre (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-cre-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector expressing Cre under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal-specific Cre–lox recombination. Supplied > 1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CAG-shRNA(SCRM) (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-shrnascramble-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 expressing a non‑targeting scramble shRNA under the CAG promoter for negative-control in vitro and in vivo studies. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing Cre recombinase under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use rAAV (2x AAV2 ITRs), titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 expressing ChIEF-tdTOMATO from the CAG promoter. ChIEF (ChR1/2 hybrid, L170I) supplied at >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-5/) - AAV5 expressing ChIEF‑tdTOMATO under the CAG promoter (ChR1/2 hybrid L170I/L131I). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8 vector expressing ChIEF-tdTOMATO under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6s (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6s-aav-serotype-1/) - rAAV (serotype 1 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing GCaMP6s under the CAG/CBA promoter. 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 expressing CAG-driven ChIEF-tdTOMATO (ChR1/2 hybrid; L170I/L131I). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-tdTOMATO (Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tdtomato-serotype-php-s/) - AAV(PHP.S)-CAG-tdTOMATO: pre-made rAAV expressing tdTOMATO from the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Reported PNS tropism. - [AAV-CAG-ChR2-Venus (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chr2-venus-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 fused to Venus under a CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChR2-Venus (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chr2-venus-aav-serotype-5/) - AAV serotype 5 expressing ChR2-Venus under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Reconstituted in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChR2-Venus (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chr2-venus-aav-serotype-9/) - Recombinant AAV9 expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-Venus driven by the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChR2-Venus (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chr2-venus-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1-CAG-ChR2-Venus: recombinant AAV serotype 1 expressing Channelrhodopsin‑2-Venus under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Syn-RFP (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-syn-rfp-serotype-9/) - Ready-to-use scAAV9 (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing RFP from the human synapsin promoter for neuron-specific labeling. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-hSyn-DIO-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hsyn-dio-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing GFP under hSyn in DIO (Cre‑ON/FLEX) configuration. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-iCre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9-Syn-iCre expressing codon‑improved Cre under the human synapsin promoter for neuron‑restricted recombination. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-tdTomato (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tdtomato-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 vector expressing tdTomato from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-serotype-retrograde/) - AAVrg‑CAG‑GFP: pre-made AAVrg (AAV2‑derived) vector expressing EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter for retrograde neuronal transduction. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-Cre-Syn-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-syn-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-Syn-Cre-Syn-GFP: ready-to-use rAAV9 co-expressing Cre and EGFP under two human synapsin promoters; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CAG-FLPo (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-flpo-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; buffer: sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-FLPo (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-flpo-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 vector expressing mouse‑codon‑optimized FLPo under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-Cre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-cre-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 vector expressing Cre under the human synapsin promoter for neuron‑specific Cre‑lox recombination in cultured cells and animal studies. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL; ready to use. - [AAV-aMHC-GFP (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-amhc-gfp-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing EGFP from the mouse αMHC promoter for cardiac muscle–restricted expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-tMCK-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tmck-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-tMCK-GFP: rAAV9 (2×ITR AAV2) expressing GFP under the muscle-specific tMCK promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Null (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-null-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 (2×ITR from AAV2) carrying no transgene under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use negative control at >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-mCherry (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascramble-mcherry-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 rAAV expressing scramble shRNA (U6) with CMV-driven mCherry reporter. Ready-to-use; vector structure ITR-U6-shRNA(scramble)-PolyT-CMV-mCherry-PolyA-ITR. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-Syn-RFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-rfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged rAAV serotype 9 (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) expressing RFP from the human synapsin promoter for exclusive neuronal expression. 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-Syn-mCherry (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-mcherry-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - Ready-to-use AAVrg (AAV2‑retro) vector expressing mCherry under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron-specific retrograde labeling. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; see datasheet. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6f (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6f-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV9 expressing GCaMP6f under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. AAV2 ITRs. - [AAV-CAG-iCre (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV8 capsid, AAV2 2×ITR) expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) from the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in >30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascramble-tdtomato-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing non-targeting U6-driven shRNA and CMV-tdTOMATO. Ready-to-use 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-tdTomato (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tdtomato-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8-CAG-tdTOMATO: serotype 8 AAV with AAV2 ITRs, CAG-driven tdTOMATO reporter; >1×10¹³ VG/mL, 30 µL, in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 expressing iCre and GFP (T2A) under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-LacZ (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-lacz-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8 (AAV-CMV-LacZ) expresses β‑galactosidase under CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in a 30 µL vial; reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (Serotype Myo2A)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-serotype-myo2a/) - Pre-made AAV(Myo2A)-CAG-GFP for EGFP expression under the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-miniCMV-SpCas9 (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-hcas9-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing human codon‑optimized SpCas9 from the miniCMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype 6 (AAV6) with AAV2 2×ITR expressing firefly luciferase under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype 10)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-10/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV10 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing EGFP from CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-aav-serotype-6/) - rAAV serotype 6 expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under the CAG/CBA promoter for Cre‑lox recombination in cells and animal experiments. Supplied >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-iCre (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype 6 expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL; ready-to-use. - [AAV-GFAP-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfap-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-GFAP-GFP for astrocyte-selective GFP expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). Vector with 2x AAV2 ITRs; ready-to-use. - [AAV-CAG-Rluc (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-rluc-aav-serotype-1/) - Ready-to-use AAV1 vector expressing Renilla luciferase under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 5, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-5-self-complementary/) - scAAV5-CMV-Cre: self-complementary AAV5 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing Cre from the CMV promoter. Manufacturer titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Designed for Cre‑lox recombination in vitro and in vivo. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-5/) - rAAV (AAV5 capsid, AAV2 2xITR) expressing Cre recombinase under the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - Pre-made rAAV control AAV(DJ/8)-CMV-Null (capsid DJ/8; 2xITR from AAV2). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAVrg (AAV2‑retro) vector expressing EGFP from the hSyn promoter for retrograde neuronal labeling. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CAG-iCre (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-HBV1.2 (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-hbv1-2-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged AAV8 vector (AAV-HBV1.2) carrying a 1.2× overlength HBV genome (genotype D, ayw) with AAV2 ITRs. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascramble-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 6) expressing scramble shRNA under U6 with CMV-driven GFP reporter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascramble-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 9) expressing scramble shRNA from U6 with CMV-driven GFP reporter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1a-mCherry (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1a-mcherry-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 vector expressing mCherry from the EF1α promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-EF1a-mCherry (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1a-mcherry-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 2 expressing mCherry under the EF1α promoter. Ready-to-use vector, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAV(2‑retro)-CAG-Cre (AAVrg) expressing Cre from the CAG/CBA promoter; optimized for retrograde neuronal tracing. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS/Pluronic. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6 vector (AAV6 capsid, 2×ITR AAV2) expressing Cre‑EGFP under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-LacZ (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-lacz-aav-serotype-5/) - Recombinant AAV serotype 5 (AAV5-CMV-LacZ) expressing β‑galactosidase (LacZ) under CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; buffer: PBS +0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-saCas9-U6-sgRNA(SCRM) (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-sacas9-u6-sgrnascramble-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9 vector expressing SaCas9 (CMV) with U6‑driven scrambled sgRNA; negative‑control for CRISPR studies. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - Pre-made rAAV(DJ/8) expressing EGFP from the human Synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL standard pack. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype DJ, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-dj-self-complementary/) - Self‑complementary AAV serotype DJ expressing Cre under CMV. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. See infection protocol. - [AAV-MHCK7-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mhck7-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV6 capsid, AAV2 2×ITRs) expressing EGFP from the 770 bp MHCK7 muscle-specific promoter; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL. Formulated in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-tMCK-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tmck-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1-tMCK-GFP: rAAV serotype 1 encoding GFP under the tMCK muscle-specific promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype Rh8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-rh8/) - Pre-made AAVrh8-CMV-GFP (serotype rh8; 2xITR from AAV2) expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CaMKII-GFP (Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkii-gfp-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-CaMKII-GFP expressing EGFP under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-FLPo (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-flpo-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo from the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 3, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-3-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary rAAV (serotype 3 capsid, AAV2 2xITRs) expressing Cre under CMV. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in sterile PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. See infection protocol. - [AAV-CMV-Cre (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-cre-aav-serotype-php-b/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.B)-CMV-Cre: CMV-driven Cre in serotype PHP.B. Ready-to-use 30 µL vial, titer >1E+13 VG/mL. See datasheet for infection protocol and handling. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (2xITR AAV2) expressing firefly luciferase and GFP via T2A under the CAG promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-Null (CMV promoter, no transgene) control vector. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL vial; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector (2xITR AAV2) expressing firefly luciferase and T2A-linked GFP under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-packaged AAV(BI30) expressing Cre‑EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter with 3xmiR122 hepatocyte target sites. BI30 capsid tropic for CNS endothelial cells. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL, ready-to-use. - [AAV-Syn-NULL (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-null-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made recombinant AAV serotype 2 (AAV2 capsid/2×ITR) carrying no transgene under the human Synapsin promoter. 30 µL, >1E+13 VG/mL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mRFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mrfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing monomeric RFP under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-CMV-mRFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mrfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 expressing monomeric RFP from the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl for fluorescence reporting. - [AAV-CMV-mRFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mrfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector expressing monomeric RFP under CMV. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Includes AAV2 ITRs. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 5, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-5-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV (serotype 5) expressing EGFP from the human Synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 6, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-6-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV6 expressing EGFP from the human synapsin promoter for neuronal-selective expression. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 8, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-8-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary scAAV8 expressing EGFP from the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-self-complementary/) - Pre-made scAAV(DJ)-Synapsin-GFP: self-complementary AAV expressing EGFP under the human synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. - [AAV-CMV-saCas9-U6-sgRNA(SCRM) (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-sacas9-u6-sgrnascramble-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 rAAV expressing saCas9 (CMV) with a scrambled U6 gRNA. Control vector, reported titer >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TRE-Cre (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tre-cre-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-packaged AAV1 vector expressing Cre from TRE‑Tight (TREmod + minCMV). Inducible by tTA/rtTA (Tet‑Off/On). Supplied ready-to-use, >1x10^13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-EF1α-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector expressing EGFP from the EF1α promoter. Ready-to-use rAAV (AAV1 capsid, AAV2 ITRs), >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype DJ/8; 2x ITR from AAV2) expressing EGFP from the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-serotype-php-s/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype PHP.S) expressing EGFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and protocol available. - [AAV-CAG-FLPo (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-flpo-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-FLPo (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-flpo-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector expressing mouse‑codon optimized FLPo under CMV promoter. Pre-made rAAV, >1x10^13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 9, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-9-self-complementary/) - Pre-packaged scAAV9 expressing Cre recombinase under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-iCre (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-icre-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-packaged rAAV1 expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under CMV promoter. Ready‑to‑use, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, >30 µL. - [AAV-CAG-iCre (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 vector expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) from the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-Cre (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-cre-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV (serotype 1) expressing Cre under the human Synapsin (hSyn) promoter for neuron-specific Cre-lox recombination. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CMV-iCre (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-icre-aav-serotype-2/) - Ready‑to‑use AAV2 expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under a CMV promoter. Supplied >30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 4)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-4/) - AAV4-CMV-Cre: pre-made rAAV (AAV4 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing Cre recombinase from the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ/8, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-8-self-complementary/) - Pre-made self-complementary AAV serotype DJ/8 expressing EGFP from a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use control vector; reported titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV1 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) expressing firefly luciferase from the human CMV promoter. Ready-to-use for in vitro/in vivo; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-self-complementary/) - scAAV(DJ)-CMV-GFP: self-complementary AAV expressing EGFP under CMV. Serotype DJ capsid with 2× AAV2 ITRs; >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mRFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mrfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-packaged AAV1 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing mRFP from the CMV promoter; ready-to-use, titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-LacZ (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-lacz-aav-serotype-2/) - rAAV serotype 2 expressing LacZ under the CMV promoter; >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL. Formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Detect with X‑gal staining. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 3, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-3-self-complementary/) - Pre-made self-complementary rAAV (AAV3 capsid, 2×ITR AAV2) expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 3)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-3/) - AAV3-CMV-GFP: pre-made rAAV (AAV3 capsid; 2xITR AAV2) expressing EGFP under CMV. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 3)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-3/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV3 capsid; AAV2 ITRs) with two CMV cassettes driving Cre recombinase and EGFP. Ready-to-use, titer >1E+13 VG/mL; formulated in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 4, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-4-self-complementary/) - Pre-made scAAV4-CMV-GFP: self-complementary AAV (AAV4 capsid, 2xITR AAV2) expressing EGFP under CMV. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-saCas9-U6-sgRNA(SCRM) (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-sacas9-u6-sgrnascramble-aav-serotype-8/) - Negative-control AAV8 vector expressing SaCas9 (CMV) with a non-targeting U6-driven sgRNA. Pre-packaged (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 ITRs); titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-LacZ (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-lacz-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6-CMV-LacZ rAAV expressing β-galactosidase (LacZ) under the CMV promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Formulated in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Detectable by X‑gal. - [AAV-CMV-SaCas9 (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-sacas9-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-CMV-SaCas9: pre-packaged rAAV (AAV9 capsid; 2xITR AAV2) expressing SaCas9 from CMV promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-LacZ (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-lacz-aav-serotype-1/) - Recombinant AAV serotype 1 expressing β‑galactosidase (LacZ) under CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; formulation: PBS, 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 3)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-3/) - AAV3-CMV-Null: pre-made rAAV (serotype 3; 2xITR AAV2) carrying no transgene under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 4)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-4/) - Pre-made recombinant AAV control (AAV4 capsid; 2xITR from AAV2) with CMV promoter and no transgene. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype Rh10)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-rh10/) - rAAVrh10 expressing EGFP under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ)-CMV-Null control vector (serotype DJ; AAV2 2xITR) carrying no transgene under CMV. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-mRFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mrfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-packaged AAV2 vector expressing mRFP from the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 (capsid AAV5; 2×ITR AAV2) expressing EGFP under CAG/CBA promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype Anc80L65)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-anc80l65/) - Pre-made AAV(Anc80L65)-CMV-GFP delivering EGFP under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl) for immediate use. - [AAV-CAG-hGluc (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-hgluc-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 vector expressing humanized Gaussia luciferase (hGluc) under the CAG promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; sterile PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. Ready to use. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-aav-serotype-php-b/) - AAV(PHP.B)-CAG-mCherry: pre-made rAAV expressing mCherry from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 5; 2× AAV2 ITRs) expressing firefly luciferase under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8 vector expressing firefly luciferase from the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready-to-use for in vitro and in vivo bioluminescence imaging. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-php-b/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.B)-CMV-GFP expresses EGFP under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Reported BBB penetration and ~50× CNS transduction vs AAV9. - [AAV-CAG-Luc (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1-CAG-Luc: pre-made rAAV (AAV1 capsid; 2xITR from AAV2) expressing firefly luciferase from the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-iCre-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-icre-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype BR1) encoding iCre and GFP (T2A) under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL ready-to-use vial in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [scAAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 9, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-9-self-complementary/) - Ready-to-use scAAV9 self-complementary vector expressing EGFP under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-iCre (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-icre-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-packaged AAV2 vector expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) driven by the human synapsin promoter for neuron‑restricted expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChR2(H134R)-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chr2h134r-tdtomato-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector expressing ChR2(H134R) under the CAG promoter with tdTOMATO reporter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS (+0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-EF1a-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-shrnascramble-ef1a-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Recombinant AAV9 expressing a non-targeting U6-driven shRNA with EF1α-driven GFP reporter. Negative-control for shRNA knockdown studies. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 vector expressing Cre recombinase under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-packaged AAV serotype 2 (AAV2 capsid and ITRs) with dual CMV cassettes expressing Cre recombinase and EGFP. Supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL; vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-packaged rAAV serotype 5 expressing EGFP under the human synapsin promoter. Supplied ready-to-use >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (capsid AAV6, 2xITR AAV2) carrying no transgene under the CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (AAV6 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) with dual CMV cassettes expressing Cre recombinase and EGFP. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-packaged AAV6-Synapsin-GFP (AAV6 capsid; AAV2 2xITR) expressing EGFP from the human synapsin promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged AAV8 (AAV2 2×ITR) expressing Cre recombinase under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl; for Cre–lox recombination in cell and animal studies. - [scAAV-Cre (AAV Serotype 8, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-cre-aav-serotype-8-self-complementary/) - Pre-packaged self-complementary AAV serotype 8 expressing Cre under CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 8 expressing EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied ready-to-use at >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector with two CMV cassettes expressing Cre recombinase and eGFP. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; flanked by 2×ITRs (AAV2). - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 (AAV2 2xITR) expressing EGFP from the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-9/) - Recombinant AAV9 (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) with no transgene under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use negative control, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-ChR2-Venus (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chr2-venus-aav-serotype-2/) - Recombinant AAV2 expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-Venus under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; buffer: PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. See vector map and infection protocol. - [AAV-mRFP (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-mrfp-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 6, AAV2 ITRs) expressing CMV-driven mRFP. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and protocol included. - [AAV-CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-2/) - AAV serotype 2 expressing ChIEF-tdTOMATO under the CAG promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL vial; reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-LacZ (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-lacz-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV-CMV-LacZ) expressing β-galactosidase under CMV. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Detect with X‑gal. - [AAV-CAG-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-6/) - AAV6 rAAV expressing CAG‑driven ChIEF‑tdTOMATO (ChR1/2 hybrid). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and protocol available. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 vector (AAV1 capsid, AAV2 2×ITR) expressing Cre recombinase–EGFP under the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - rAAV serotype 2 expressing Cre‑EGFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready‑to‑use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (serotype 8 capsid; AAV2 2×ITR) co-expressing Cre recombinase and EGFP from separate human synapsin promoters for neuron-specific expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; ready-to-use. - [AAV-Syn-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 9, Cre fusion with GFP)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-9-cre-fusion-with-gfp/) - AAV9-Synapsin-Cre-GFP: AAV serotype 9 expressing Cre‑GFP under the human Synapsin promoter for Cre‑lox recombination. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-tdtomato-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 2 delivering tdTomato under the Synapsin promoter for neuron-selective expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl). Vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing Cre‑EGFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-dio-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 for Cre‑dependent expression of DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO under the CAG promoter. ChIEF carries L170I (ChR1) / L131I (ChR2); supplied at >1E+13 VG/mL. See vector map and infection protocol. - [AAV-U6-miRNA(SCRM)-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-u6-mirnascramble-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 vector expressing non-targeting miRNA (U6) with CMV-driven EGFP reporter. Ready-to-use control; vector genome ITR–U6–miRNA(Scramble)–CMV–GFP; 30 µL. - [AAV-EF1alpha-DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ef1alpha-dio-chief-tdtomato-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 for Cre-dependent EF1alpha-driven DIO-ChIEF-tdTOMATO. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-mCherry (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-mcherry-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made rAAV1 encoding Cre‑mCherry under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ/8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-dj-8/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ/8)-CMV-Cre-GFP expresses Cre recombinase and EGFP from separate CMV cassettes for Cre-lox experiments. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ) expressing Cre recombinase and EGFP from separate CMV cassettes. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-aMHC-Cre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-amhc-cre-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing Cre under the mouse αMHC promoter for cardiac-specific transgene expression. 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TRE-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tre-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV serotype 1 encoding GFP under the TRE‑Tight promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Expression responsive to tTA/rtTA. - [AAV-Synapsin-Cre (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-cre-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype 2 expressing Cre under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal Cre‑lox recombination. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-cTNT-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-ctnt-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9-cTNT-GFP (AAV9 capsid; 2xITR from AAV2) encodes EGFP under the cardiac-specific cTNT promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6f (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6f-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 expressing GCaMP6f under the CAG (CBA) promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-CaMKII-GCaMP6m (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-camkii-gcamp6m-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 expressing GCaMP6m under the CaMKII promoter for neuronal expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GCaMP6m (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gcamp6m-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 expressing GCaMP6m under the CAG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TRE-GFP (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tre-gfp-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 9; AAV2 ITRs) encoding GFP under TRE-Tight (TREmod/minCMV). Inducible with tTA or rtTA. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-php-b/) - Pre-made rAAV(PHP.B) with separate CMV cassettes expressing Cre recombinase and EGFP. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; ready-to-use. See vector map and infection protocol for use. - [AAV-Luc-PEST (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-luc-pest-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made recombinant AAV serotype 1 (AAV1) expressing firefly luciferase with a C‑terminal PEST under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL, ready to use. - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-CMV-Luc: rAAV (AAV9 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) encoding firefly luciferase under the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL; vector map and protocol available. - [AAV-Luc-PEST (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-luc-pest-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing firefly luciferase-PEST from the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl); ready to use. - [AAV-CAG-Luc (AAV Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-aav-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing firefly luciferase from the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Formulated in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-Luc (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-luc-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 vector expressing firefly luciferase under CMV promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TRE-Cre (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tre-cre-aav-serotype-9/) - AAV9-TRE-Cre: pre-packaged rAAV9 expressing Cre under the TRE‑Tight promoter (Tet‑regulated by tTA/rtTA). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-GFAP-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfap-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - In vivo‑grade AAV5-GFAP-GFP (capsid AAV5, 2xITR AAV2) drives GFP from the GFAP promoter for astrocyte/glial expression. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. - [AAV-GFAP-mCherry (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfap-mcherry-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV5 (2xITR AAV2) expressing mCherry from the GFAP promoter for astrocyte-specific expression; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL, in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV(DJ/8)-GFAP-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/aavdj-8-gfap-gfp/) - Recombinant AAV(DJ/8) expressing GFP under the GFAP promoter for astrocyte/glial-selective expression. In vivo-grade, super-purified; titer >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [AAV-TBG-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tbg-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 expressing EGFP under the TBG liver promoter (~0.8 kb). Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL, sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV(DJ/8)-GFAP-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/aavdj-8-gfap-mcherry/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype DJ/8, 2xITR AAV2) expressing mCherry under the GFAP promoter for astrocyte/glial expression. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; in vivo‑grade. - [AAV-CAG-Luc (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made AAV (serotype 5 capsid; 2× AAV2 ITRs) expressing firefly luciferase under the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.eB)-Synapsin-EGFP for neuronal expression (human Synapsin promoter). Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; formulated in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. PHP.eB reported to penetrate the BBB and infect CNS via tail vein I.V. with 5× better transduction vs PHP.B. - [AAV-Syn-Cre (AAV Serotype PHP.eB)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-aav-serotype-php-eb/) - Neuron-specific AAV(PHP.eB)-Synapsin-Cre for Cre‑lox experiments. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Ready-to-use in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. Vector map & protocol available. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-php-s/) - Pre-packaged AAV(PHP.S)-CMV-GFP expressing EGFP under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; >1E13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made AAV(BR1)-CAG-GFP: EGFP driven by CAG/CBA promoter, >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL, sterile PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68/200 mM NaCl. Vector map and infection protocol provided. - [AAV-Syn-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-gfp-aav-serotype-php-s/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.S)-Synapsin-GFP for neuronal-restricted EGFP expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Syn-SaCas9 (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-sacas9-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 vector encoding SaCas9 under the human Synapsin promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; formulated in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-TBG-Luc-P2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-tbg-luc-p2a-gfp-aav-serotype-8/) - Pre-made AAV8 vector expressing firefly luciferase and GFP via P2A under the TBG promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL, reconstituted in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. Ready to use. - [AAV-CAG-Cre-GFP (AAV2-Retro)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-retrograde/) - Pre-made AAV(2‑Retro) vector encoding Cre‑GFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). Engineered for retrograde neuronal transduction. - [AAV-Syn-mCherry (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-mcherry-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 expressing mCherry under the human Synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted expression. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-t2a-gfp-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-packaged rAAV2 (AAV-CAG-Luc-T2A-GFP) expressing firefly luciferase and GFP via T2A under the CAG promoter. >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-fLuc (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-fluc-aav-serotype-8/) - Ready-to-use AAV8 (AAV2 ITRs) expressing firefly luciferase under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (AAV Serotype 7m8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-aav-serotype-7m8/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 7m8) expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL; reconstituted in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-tdTOMATO (AAV Serotype BR1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-tdtomato-aav-serotype-br1/) - Pre-made rAAV AAV(BR1)-CAG-tdTOMATO expressing tdTOMATO under the CAG promoter. BR1 capsid with AAV2 2xITRs; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL; supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-mCherry (AAV Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-aav-serotype-9/) - Pre-packaged AAV9 vector overexpressing mCherry from the CAG/CBA promoter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CMV-GFP (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cmv-gfp-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-packaged AAV(BI30)-CMV-EGFP expressing EGFP from the CMV promoter. Serotype BI30 with CNS endothelial cell tropism. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL, PBS + Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CBh-GFP-3xmiR122 (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-gfp-3xmir122-serotype-bi30/) - AAV(BI30)-CBh-GFP-3×miR122: rAAV with CNS endothelial‑preferring BI30 capsid, CBh-driven GFP and 3×miR122 sites to limit hepatocyte expression. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + Pluronic F‑68. - [AAV-CBh-mCherry (AAV Serotype DJ)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cbh-mcherry-aav-serotype-dj/) - Pre-made AAV(DJ)-CBh-mCherry driving mCherry from the CBh promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL (PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). See infection protocol. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype rh74)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-rh74/) - Pre-made AAVrh74 vector expressing EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Strong skeletal and cardiac muscle tropism; supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in 30 µL. Vector map and infection protocol available. - [scAAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 9, Self-complementary)](https://signagen.com/products/scaav-gfp-aav-serotype-9-self-complementary/) - Self-complementary AAV9 expressing EGFP under CMV promoter; 30 µL, >1E+13 VG/mL. AAV9 capsid with AAV2 2×ITR. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - AAV1 rAAV over-expressing EGFP under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL (30 µL); formulated in sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 9, Cre co-expression with GFP)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-9-cre-co-expression-with-gfp/) - Pre-made AAV9-CMV-Cre-GFP co-expresses Cre recombinase and EGFP from separate CMV cassettes. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1-CMV-Cre-GFP expressing Cre and EGFP from separate CMV cassettes. Ready-to-use; >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. Supplied in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Luc (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-luc-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made rAAV serotype 2 (AAV2) expressing firefly luciferase under the CAG/CBA promoter. Supplied ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, >30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-packaged rAAV (AAV5 capsid, AAV2 2×ITR) with separate CMV cassettes expressing Cre recombinase and EGFP. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Null (AAV Serotype 8)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-null-aav-serotype-8/) - AAV8-CMV-Null: pre-packaged AAV8 (AAV8 capsid, AAV2 ITRs) with CMV promoter and no transgene. Ready-to-use negative-control, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL. - [AAV-Synapsin-RFP (AAV Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-rfp-aav-serotype-5/) - Pre-made rAAV (AAV5 capsid; 2× AAV2 ITRs) expressing RFP from the human synapsin promoter. Supplied >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2-CAG-Cre (serotype 2) over-expressing Cre from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Ready-to-use, >1E+13 VG/mL, 30 µL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [AAV-CAG-Cre (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-cre-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 (capsid AAV1; 2xITR AAV2) encoding Cre under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL. Reconstituted in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F-68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Cre-GFP (AAV Serotype 4)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cre-gfp-aav-serotype-4/) - Pre-made rAAV (serotype 4) expressing Cre recombinase and EGFP from separate CMV cassettes. >1E+13 VG/mL; >30 µL; sterile PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-CAG-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-gfp-aav-serotype-php-b/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.B)-CAG-GFP overexpresses EGFP from the CAG (CBA) promoter. Supplied 30 µL at >1E+13 VG/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Synapsin-GFP (AAV Serotype PHP.B)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-synapsin-gfp-aav-serotype-php-b/) - Pre-made AAV(PHP.B)-Synapsin-GFP: hSyn-driven EGFP for neuronal expression. Serotype PHP.B (AAV2 2×ITR), >1E13 VG/mL, >30 µL, PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. Reported to cross the BBB with higher CNS transduction vs AAV9. - [AAV-Syn-Cre (AAV Serotype PHP.S)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-syn-cre-aav-serotype-php-s/) - rAAV(PHP.S) expressing Cre recombinase under the human synapsin promoter for neuronal expression. Titer >1E+13 VG/mL; 30 µL in PBS (0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl). - [AAV-CAG-mCherry-U6-shRNA(SCRM) (Serotype BI30)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-cag-mcherry-u6-shrnascrm-serotype-bi30/) - Pre-packaged rAAV(BI30) expressing scramble shRNA (U6) with CAG-driven mCherry reporter. Serotype BI30 targets CNS endothelial cells. Ready-to-use, 30 µL; >1E+13 VG/mL. - [LV-EF1a-tTA-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-tta-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV-EF1a-tTA-IRES-Puro lentivirus expressing tTA from the EF1α promoter with IRES-puromycin selection. >1E+9 TU/mL, in vivo grade; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CMV-mito-roGFP2-Orp1-PGK-BSD](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-mito-rogfp2-orp1-pgk-bsd/) - Pre-made LV expressing mito-roGFP2-Orp1 under CMV with PGK‑blasticidin selection. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS; in vivo grade. See infection protocol and vector map. - [LV-EF1α-CymR-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1α-cymr-ires-puro/) - LV-EF1α-CymR-IRES-Puro: pre-made lentivirus for stable CymR expression (EF1α promoter). IRES-linked puromycin selection, third‑generation packaging; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied in PBS. - [LV-EF1α-CymR-PGK-Zeo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1α-cymr-pgk-zeo/) - Replication-deficient LV expressing CymR from EF1α with PGK-driven zeocin selection. Packaged in a third-generation system; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; stored in PBS. - [LV-EF1α-Venus-T2A-AkaLuc-IRES-Neo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1α-venus-t2a-akaluc-ires-neo/) - Pre-made LV expressing Venus and AkaLuc (T2A) from EF1α with IRES‑Neo. AkaLuc ~675 nm NIR emission; reported ~10–100× brighter than fLuc in mice with AkaLumine‑HCl. In vivo‑grade, >1E9 TU/mL, PBS. - [LV-EF1a-iCre-T2A-GFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-icre-t2a-gfp-puro/) - EF1α-driven lentivirus expressing iCre and GFP (T2A) with puromycin selection. In vivo‑grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL. Pack: 2×25 µL in PBS. See transfer map & infection protocol. - [LV-EF1a-Cre-T2A-fLuc-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-cre-t2a-fluc-puro/) - Pre-made LV-EF1α-Cre-T2A-fLuc-Puro lentivirus: EF1α-driven Cre and firefly luciferase (T2A) with IRES-puromycin selection. Supplied >1E+9 TU/mL, in vivo‑grade, 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-Syn-GFP-T2A-fLuc](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-gfp-t2a-fluc/) - Pre-made LV-Syn-GFP-T2A-fLuc lentivirus: human Synapsin promoter drives neuron-specific GFP with T2A-linked firefly luciferase. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL. - [LV-Syn-fLuc-T2A-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-fluc-t2a-gfp/) - LV-Syn-fLuc-T2A-GFP: pre-made lentivirus with human Synapsin promoter driving fLuc and T2A-linked GFP. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL in PBS; no selection antibiotic. - [LV-GFAP-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-gfap-gfp/) - LV-GFAP-GFP: pre-made lentivirus expressing GFP from the GFAP promoter for astrocyte/glial-specific expression. In vivo grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. No selection antibiotic. - [LV-GFAP-fLuc](https://signagen.com/products/lv-gfap-fluc/) - Pre-made LV-GFAP-fLuc lentivirus for astrocyte/glial-specific firefly luciferase expression. In vivo grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2 x 25 µL in PBS. No selection antibiotic. - [LV-GFAP-iCre-P2A-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-gfap-icre-p2a-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-GFAP-iCre-P2A-GFP lentivirus: GFAP-driven iCre co-expressed with EGFP via P2A. Ready-to-use, in vivo grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CMV-fLuc-PGK-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-fluc-pgk-puro/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing firefly luciferase (CMV) with PGK-driven puromycin selection. In vivo grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied in PBS, 2 x 25 µL. - [LV-Syn-hGluc-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-hgluc-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing codon-optimized hGluc under the synapsin promoter with IRES puromycin. Ready-to-use; >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS; in vivo grade. - [LV-EF1a-TagRFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-tagrfp-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing TagRFP from the EF1α promoter with IRES-linked puromycin selection. In vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. See datasheet for infection protocol. - [LV-CAG-TagRFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-tagrfp/) - Pre-made LV-CAG-TagRFP lentivirus expressing TagRFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. Follow the supplied infection protocol. - [LV-EF1a-jGCaMP8s-T2A-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-jgcamp8s-t2a-mcherry/) - Pre-made LV expressing jGCaMP8s and mCherry from the EF1α promoter (T2A). In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS, concentrated via PEG/ultracentrifugation. - [LV-CAG-hGluc-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-hgluc-puro/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing codon-optimized hGluc under the CAG/CBA promoter with IRES puromycin selection. Confirmed secreted and nontoxic; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; PBS. - [LV-CAG-Cre-P2A-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-cre-p2a-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-CAG-Cre-P2A-GFP lentivirus co-expresses Cre recombinase and GFP under the CAG/CBA promoter via P2A. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade; 2x 25 µL in PBS. - [LV-EF1a-NLS-GFP-IRES-Neo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-nls-gfp-ires-neo/) - Pre-made LV-EF1α-NLS-GFP-IRES-Neo lentivirus expressing eGFP-SV40 NLS with IRES-driven neomycin. Ready-to-use, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS; in vivo grade. - [LV-EF1a-Myr-mCherry-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-myr-mcherry-puro/) - Ready-to-use LV-EF1a-Myr-mCherry-Puro lentivirus (EF1α-driven myristoylated mCherry, IRES puromycin selection). 2×25 µL in PBS; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo grade. - [LV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-CAG-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-u6-shrnascrm-cag-mcherry/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing scramble shRNA from U6 with CAG-driven mCherry. In vivo-grade, concentrated (PEG + ultracentrifugation), titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-EF1a-tdTOMATO-IRES-Neo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-tdtomato-ires-neo/) - Pre-made LV expressing tdTOMATO under EF1α with IRES-driven neomycin selection. In vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. Follow supplied infection protocol. - [LV-Syn-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-hchr2h134r-eyfp-ires-puro/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing human ChR2(H134R)-EYFP under the human synapsin promoter with IRES puromycin selection. In vivo grade; >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-Syn-FLPo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-flpo/) - Pre-made LV-Syn-FLPo lentivirus expressing mouse-codon-optimized FLPo under the human synapsin promoter for neuron-specific recombination. In vivo-grade concentrate, 2×25 µL in PBS; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. - [LV-EF1a-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-hchr2h134r-eyfp-ires-puro/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing hChR2(H134R)-EYFP under EF1α with IRES‑Puromycin selection. >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; PBS; in vivo grade; concentrated by PEG/ultracentrifugation. - [LV-CAG-FLPo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-flpo/) - Pre-made LV-CAG-FLPo lentivirus expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo (FLPe derivative) under the CAG promoter. Ready-to-use, in vivo grade; >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; PBS. - [LV-EF1a-H2B-tdTomato-IRES-Zeo](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-h2b-tdtomato-ires-zeo/) - Ready-to-use LV-EF1a-H2B-tdTomato-IRES-Zeo lentivirus expressing H2B–tdTomato under EF1α with IRES-driven Zeocin selection. In vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CAG-tdTOMATO](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-tdtomato/) - Pre-made LV expressing tdTomato under the CAG promoter. In vivo grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL, supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. For cell labeling, imaging, flow cytometry and stable line generation. - [LV-Syn-ChR2-Venus](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-chr2-venus/) - Pre-made LV-Syn-ChR2-Venus lentivirus expressing ChR2-Venus under the human Synapsin promoter. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. For neuronal photostimulation and circuit mapping. - [LV-EF1a-Mito-E2-Crimson-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-mito-e2-crimson-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing Mito‑E2‑Crimson (mitochondrial targeting from human COX VIII) under EF1α with IRES‑puromycin. >1E+9 TU/mL, 2×25 µL, PBS, in vivo grade. - [LV-EF1a-RFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-rfp-puro/) - Ready-to-use LV-EF1α-RFP-Puro expresses RFP from EF1α with IRES-mediated puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied in PBS, 2×25 µL. - [LV-CMV-SpCas9](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-spcas9/) - Pre-made LV overexpressing SpCas9 under CMV for use with gRNA. Supplied in PBS at >1E+9 TU/mL, in vivo-grade, 2×25 µL. No selection antibiotic; concentrated via PEG precipitation and ultracentrifugation. - [LV-EF1a-hGluc-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-hgluc-puro/) - Pre-made EF1α-driven lentivirus expressing humanized Gaussia luciferase (hGluc) with IRES puromycin selection. In vivo grade; >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-EF1a-SpCas9](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-spcas9/) - LV-EF1α-SpCas9 is a ready-to-use lentivirus overexpressing SpCas9 under the EF1α promoter for use with gRNA in genome editing. In vivo-grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; PBS buffer. - [LV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-u6-shrnascrm-gfp/) - Pre-made LV expressing scramble shRNA from the U6 promoter with CMV-driven GFP. Ready-to-use, in vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-U6-shRNA(SCRM)-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-u6-shrnascrm-mcherry/) - Pre-made LV-U6-shRNA(Scramble)-mCherry lentivirus: U6-driven scramble shRNA with CMV-mCherry reporter. Ready-to-use; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo grade. - [LV-EF1a-FLPo-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-flpo-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing FLPo under EF1α with IRES puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. See infection protocol and vector map. - [LV-EF1a-Citrine-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-citrine-puro/) - LV-EF1α-Citrine-Puro: ready-to-use lentivirus expressing Citrine under EF1α with IRES puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-EF1a-iCre-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-icre-puro/) - EF1α-driven lentivirus expressing codon‑improved iCre with puromycin selection via IRES. Pre-made, in vivo‑grade; >1E+9 TU/mL. Supplied 2×25 µL in PBS; follow infection protocol. - [LV-CAG-Citrine](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-citrine/) - Pre-made LV expressing Citrine under the CAG (CBA) promoter. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. Concentrated via PEG precipitation and ultracentrifugation. - [LV-EF1a-Cre-mCherry-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-cre-mcherry-puro/) - Pre-made LV-EF1α-Cre-mCherry-Puro lentivirus expressing Cre-mCherry with IRES-mediated puromycin resistance. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade; 2×25 µL, PBS. - [LV-EF1a-Null-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-null-puro/) - Pre-made LV-EF1α-Null-Puro lentivirus (no transgene; EF1α promoter) with IRES-linked puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; stored in PBS. - [LV-EF1a-Cre-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-cre-puro/) - LV-EF1α-Cre-IRES-Puro pre-made lentivirus expressing Cre recombinase with IRES-driven puromycin selection. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade; stored in PBS. - [LV-EF1a-Cre-GFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-cre-gfp-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing Cre-GFP with puromycin (IRES) under EF1α promoter. Ready-to-use, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS; in vivo grade prep. - [LV-CMV-FLPo-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-flpo-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing mouse codon‑optimized FLPo under CMV promoter with IRES-linked puromycin selection. >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. Transfer map & infection protocol included. - [LV-EF1a-mCherry-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-mcherry-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing mCherry from EF1α with IRES puromycin co-expression. Ready-to-use, in vivo‑grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. Supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CMV-Citrine-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-citrine-puro/) - Pre-made LV-CMV-Citrine-Puro lentivirus expressing Citrine (enhanced YFP) under CMV with PGK-driven puromycin selection. >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; in vivo grade; stored in PBS. - [LV-TRE-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-tre-gfp/) - TRE‑Tight-driven EGFP lentivirus responsive to tTA/rtTA (Tet‑Off/Tet‑On). Ready-to-use, >1E+9 TU/mL, in vivo-grade; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CMV-Null-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-null-puro/) - LV-CMV-Null-Puro: ready-to-use CMV-null lentiviral control co-expressing PGK-driven puromycin resistance for selectable transduction. Supplied in PBS, in vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL. - [LV-CMV-iCre-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-icre-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing codon‑improved Cre (iCre) under CMV with PGK‑puromycin selection. Ready-to-use in PBS, 2×25 µL; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo grade. - [LV-CMV-RFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-rfp-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing RFP (CMV promoter) and PGK-driven puromycin resistance. In vivo‑grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. Infection protocol available. - [LV-SFFV-GFP-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-sffv-gfp-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV-SFFV-GFP-IRES-Puro lentivirus expressing GFP with IRES-driven Puro co-expression. Ready-to-use in PBS; in vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. - [LV-SFFV-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-sffv-gfp/) - Ready-to-use LV-SFFV-GFP lentivirus expressing GFP from the SFFV promoter. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. See transfer map and infection protocol. - [LV-Synapsin-Cre-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-cre-gfp/) - Ready-to-use LV-Synapsin-Cre-GFP lentivirus expressing Cre‑GFP under the human synapsin promoter for exclusive CNS expression. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo grade; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CAG-Cre-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-cre-gfp/) - Ready-to-use LV-CAG-Cre-GFP lentivirus expressing Cre–GFP under the CAG (CBA) promoter. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS, no selection antibiotic. - [LV-Synapsin-iCre](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-icre/) - Pre-made LV expressing codon-improved Cre (iCre) under the human synapsin promoter for CNS-restricted expression. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade; 2×25 µL; PBS. - [LV-CAG-Null](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-null/) - Pre-made LV-CAG-Null lentivirus expressing no transgene under the CAG/CBA promoter. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo-grade; stored in PBS. No selection antibiotic. - [LV-CMV-Cre-GFP-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-cre-gfp-puro/) - Pre-made LV-CMV-Cre-GFP-Puro lentivirus (2×25 µL, PBS). CMV-driven Cre-GFP with PGK–puromycin selection. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL. In vivo grade; see infection protocol. - [LV-EF1a-ZsGreen-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-zsgreen-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing ZsGreen from the EF1α promoter with IRES-driven puromycin selection. In vivo-grade prep; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. Pack: 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CMV-Cre-mCherry-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-cre-mcherry-puro/) - Pre-made LV-CMV-Cre-mCherry-Puro lentivirus expressing Cre-mCherry from CMV with PGK-driven puromycin resistance. In vivo grade; >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CMV-Cre-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-cre-puro/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing Cre under the CMV promoter with a PGK-driven puromycin selection cassette. Ready-to-use, in vivo grade; titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-CMV-Gluc-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-gluc-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing codon-optimized hGluc under CMV with IRES puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS; ready-to-use. See transfer map & infection protocol. - [LV-Synapsin-tdTOMATO](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-tdtomato/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing tdTOMATO under the Synapsin promoter for neuron-restricted labeling. Supplied >1E+9 TU/mL in PBS; in vivo grade; 2×25 µL. - [LV-CAG-Cre](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-cre/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing Cre recombinase from the strong CAG (CBA) promoter for Cre‑loxP recombination. In vivo-grade, PBS; >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; no selection marker. - [LV-CAG-Cre-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cag-cre-mcherry/) - Pre-made LV expressing Cre recombinase–mCherry under the CAG (CBA) promoter. In vivo grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. Infection protocol and transfer vector map included. - [LV-ChAT-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-chat-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-ChAT-GFP (WPRE) lentivirus expressing GFP from the human ChAT promoter for motor neuron–restricted expression. >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL; PBS; in vivo grade. - [LV-Synapsin-Cre](https://signagen.com/products/lv-synapsin-cre/) - LV-Synapsin-Cre: pre-made lentiviral vector expressing Cre recombinase under the human synapsin (hSyn) promoter for neuron-specific CNS expression. Supplied >1E+9 TU/mL in PBS; in vivo grade. - [LV-Syn-DIO-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-dio-gfp/) - LV-Syn-DIO-GFP: pre-made Cre-dependent lentivirus expressing GFP under the human synapsin (hSyn) promoter via DIO/FLEX. Titer >1E+9 TU/mL; in vivo grade; 2×25 µL; PBS. - [LV-CMV-GCaMP6f](https://signagen.com/products/lv-cmv-gcamp6f/) - Pre-made LV expressing GCaMP6f under the CMV promoter. In vivo-grade, concentrated (>1E+9 TU/mL) via PEG precipitation and ultracentrifugation; supplied in PBS. Ready-to-use. - [LV-EF1a-NLS-mCherry-IRES-Puro](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ef1a-nls-mcherry-ires-puro/) - Pre-made LV expressing mCherry-SV40 NLS under EF1α with IRES puromycin selection. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. Includes transfer vector map and infection protocol. - [LV-PGK-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-pgk-gfp/) - Pre-made LV-PGK-GFP lentivirus expressing eGFP under the PGK promoter. In vivo-grade, titer >1E+9 TU/mL, supplied 2×25 µL in PBS. Infection protocol and vector map provided. - [LV-Syn-iCre-P2A-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/lv-syn-icre-p2a-gfp/) - LV-Syn-iCre-P2A-GFP: pre-made lentivirus for neuron-specific expression of codon-optimized iCre and EGFP (P2A) under the human synapsin promoter. In vivo grade, supplied in PBS; titer >1E+9 TU/mL. - [LV-CaMKII-GCaMP6f](https://signagen.com/products/lv-camkii-gcamp6f/) - Pre-made LV-CaMKII-GCaMP6f lentivirus expressing GCaMP6f under the CaMKII promoter for neuronal expression. In vivo-grade, >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [LV-UBC-mCherry-GFP-LC3](https://signagen.com/products/lv-ubc-mcherry-gfp-lc3/) - Pre-made lentivirus expressing mCherry-GFP-LC3 under the UBC promoter for live-cell autophagic flux imaging. Ready-to-use; >1E+9 TU/mL; 2×25 µL in PBS. - [GenMute™ siRNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/genmute-sirna-transfection-reagent/) - Biodegradable, non‑liposomal GenMute™ reagent using PDCC technology for siRNA/miRNA and DNA co‑transfection in mammalian cells. Kit includes 1.0 mL reagent + 5× buffer (8 mL). - [PepMute™ siRNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/pepmute-sirna-transfection-reagent/) - Viral CPP‑inspired PepMute™ delivers siRNA, miRNA mimics and DNA oligos; supplier data report >95% knockdown at 1 nM. Includes reagent (1.0 mL) and 5x buffer. - [PepMute™ Transfection Buffer (5x )](https://signagen.com/products/pepmute-transfection-buffer-5x/) - 5x concentrated PepMute™ Transfection Buffer (8.0 mL) makes 40 mL working solution (1x), formulated for PepMute™ siRNA & DNA Transfection Reagent; ~1,000 transfections (24‑well). Store at RT; stable ≥24 months. - [PepMute™ Plus siRNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/pepmute-plus-sirna-transfection-reagent/) - Peptide‑based PepMute™ Plus uses PDCC‑modified 36‑amino‑acid backbone for self‑assembling siRNA/DNA delivery. Vendor‑validated >95% silencing at 1 nM; 1.0 mL reagent + 5x buffer. - [PowerFect™ In Vtro siRNA Transfection Reagent (Ver. II)](https://signagen.com/products/powerfect-in-vtro-sirna-transfection-reagent-ver-ii/) - Enhanced liposome-based reagent for in vitro siRNA delivery. 1.0 mL provides ~1,330 transfections (24‑well, 5 pmol/well); includes 5× Transfection Buffer (8.0 mL). Reagent 4 °C; buffer RT; stable ≥24 months. - [PowerFect™ Transfection Buffer (5x )](https://signagen.com/products/powerfect-transfection-buffer-5x/) - PowerFect Transfection Buffer (5x), 8.0 mL concentrate makes 40 mL working solution. Dilutes siRNA/DNA with PowerFect reagent; sufficient for ≈1000 24‑well transfections. Store at RT. - [GenJet™ In Vitro siRNA Transfection Reagent (Ver. II)](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-in-vitro-sirna-transfection-reagent-ver-ii/) - Hybrid liposome–polymer siRNA reagent for efficient, low‑toxicity delivery across diverse mammalian cell types. Serum‑compatible and suitable for difficult‑to‑transfect cells and high‑throughput use. - [GenJet™ Transfection Buffer (5x )](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-transfection-buffer-5x/) - 5x concentrated GenJet™ Transfection Buffer, 8.0 mL (makes 40 mL working solution). Dilutes siRNA/DNA and GenJet™ Transfection Reagent to form transfection complexes; yields ~1000 transfections (24‑well). Store RT; stable 24 months or longer. - [AAV Empty Capsid (Serotype 6)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-empty-capsid-serotype-6/) - Pre-made AAV6 empty capsids (100% empty by Refeyn mass photometry), purified by two CsCl ultracentrifugation rounds. 30 µL vial at >1×10^13 Capsid/mL in PBS + Pluronic F-68. - [AAV Empty Capsid (Serotype 9)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-empty-capsid-serotype-9/) - Pre-made AAV9 empty capsid purified by two rounds of CsCl ultracentrifugation; 100% empty by Refeyn mass photometry. >1×10^13 Capsid/mL; 30 µL; PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV Empty Capsids (AAV Serotype 1)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-empty-capsids-aav-serotype-1/) - Pre-made AAV1 empty capsids (30 µL) purified via two rounds of CsCl ultracentrifugation. 100% empty by Refeyn mass photometry; titer >1×10¹³ Capsid/mL. Supplied in PBS +0.005% Pluronic F‑68, 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV-Empty-Capsid (Serotype 5)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-empty-capsid-serotype-5/) - AAV5 empty capsid purified by two rounds of CsCl isopycnic ultracentrifugation; verified 100% empty by Refeyn Mass Photometer. Supplied >1×10^13 Capsid/mL in PBS with 0.005% Pluronic F‑68 and 200 mM NaCl. - [AAV Empty Capsid (Serotype 2)](https://signagen.com/products/aav-empty-capsid-serotype-2/) - Pre-made AAV2 empty capsid, purified by CsCl ultracentrifugation and verified 100% empty by Refeyn mass photometry. Supplied 30 µL at >1×10¹³ Capsid/mL in PBS + 0.005% Pluronic F-68. - [GenJet™ Plus DNA In Vitro Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-plus-dna-in-vitro-transfection-reagent/) - GenJet™ Plus contains a proprietary booster peptide for up to 20× higher transfection efficiency (cell type–dependent) in diverse mammalian and insect cells. 1 mL ≈ 667 transfections (24‑well). Store at 4 °C. - [GenJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent (Ver. II)](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagent-ver-ii/) - GenJet™ (Ver. II) releases 100% DNA‑condensing groups for cell type–dependent 3–4× higher transfection efficiency. Serum/antibiotic‑compatible; 1.0 mL ≈667 transfections (24‑well); store at 4 °C. - [GenJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent](https://signagen.com/products/genjet-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagent/) - High-efficiency, low-cytotoxicity GenJet™ DNA In Vitro Transfection Reagent for mammalian and insect cells (HEK293, CHO, Sf9). 1 mL ≈666 (24‑well); store at 4 °C. - [LipoJet™ In Vitro Transfection Kit (Ver. II)](https://signagen.com/products/lipojet-in-vitro-transfection-kit-ver-ii/) - Fluorinated cationic lipid LipoJet™ Kit for plasmid DNA and siRNA transfection in mammalian cells. Serum/antibiotic compatible, low toxicity. Includes 1.0 mL reagent (1000 transfections) and 5× buffer. - [LipoJet™ Transfection Buffer (5x )](https://signagen.com/products/lipojet-transfection-buffer-5x/) - 5x concentrated LipoJet™ Transfection Buffer (8.0 mL) for diluting siRNA/DNA with LipoJet™ Transfection Reagent. Yields 40 mL working solution (~1,000 transfections in 24‑well plates). Store at RT; stable ≥12 months. - [Ad-RUNX2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-runx2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing RUNX2 (NM_004348.3) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL; supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. No fusion tag. - [Ad-P53](https://signagen.com/products/ad-p53/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Tumor Protein P53 (TP53; NM_000546) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PARP1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-parp1/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing PARP1 under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged adenovirus, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PIM1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pim1/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PIM1 (NM_002648) under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; C‑terminal V5 tag; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-RBL1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-rbl1/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing RBL1 (p107) under CMV promoter with C-terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-ELOVL2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-elovl2/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing ELOVL2 (NCBI BC060809.1) under CMV promoter with C‑term V5 tag. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-Akt](https://signagen.com/products/ad-akt/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing AKT1 (NCBI M63167) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM +2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. No fusion tag. - [Ad-AMPK(DN)-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ampkdn-gfp/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing dominant-negative 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) under CMV, with GFP co-expressed from a separate CMV promoter. - [Ad-AMPK-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ampk-gfp/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) vector expressing human AMPK (wild type) under a CMV promoter with co-expression of GFP from a separate CMV promoter. For AMPK overexpression. - [Ad-E2F1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-e2f1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human E2F1 under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. See infection protocol. - [Ad-tTA](https://signagen.com/products/ad-tta/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing tTA under CMV promoter for Tet‑Off. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-LDLR](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ldlr/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing LDLR under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC014514. - [Ad-GLP1R](https://signagen.com/products/ad-glp1r/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor (GLP1R) under a CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC111843. - [Ad-SNCA](https://signagen.com/products/ad-snca/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus expressing Synuclein, Alpha (SNCA) under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, ready-to-use. Storage: DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. NCBI BC013293. - [Ad-PELI1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-peli1/) - Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Drosophila Pellino Homolog 1 (PELI1) under CMV promoter. C‑term V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PPARGC1A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ppargc1a/) - Pre-packaged Ad-PPARGC1A (Human Adenovirus Type5, dE1/E3) expresses human PPARGC1A (NM_013261) under a CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-LPIN1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-lpin1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human Lipin 1 (LPIN1; BC030537) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PROX1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-prox1/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PROX1 under a CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NR4A1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nr4a1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NR4A1 under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-TERT](https://signagen.com/products/ad-tert/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SHH](https://signagen.com/products/ad-shh/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Sonic Hedgehog Homolog (Drosophila) under CMV promoter. C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CEBPB](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cebpb/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing CCAAT/enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP), Beta (CEBPB) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-BMP2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-bmp2/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing BMP2 under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NM_001200. - [Ad-HNF4A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hnf4a/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing HNF4A (NCBI BC137539.1) driven by CMV, C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM +2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-WARS2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-wars2/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing WARS2 (mitochondrial) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM + 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NR4A2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nr4a2/) - Pre-made Ad-NR4A2 (Ad5 dE1/E3) expressing NR4A2 from a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. User manual available. - [Ad-NR4A3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nr4a3/) - Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human NR4A3 (NM_006981) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-HDAC1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hdac1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing HDAC1 from a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-IL1B](https://signagen.com/products/ad-il1b/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human IL1B (NCBI NM_000576, Gene ID 3553) under a CMV promoter. Supplied ready-to-use in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. See product manual for infection protocol. - [Ad-PTEN](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pten/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PTEN (NM_000314) under a CMV promoter. Pre-made, ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Storage: DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-FOXO1A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-foxo1a/) - Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human FOXO1A under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-KLF4](https://signagen.com/products/ad-klf4/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Kruppel-like Factor 4 (gut) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PRKD2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-prkd2/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) vector expressing PRKD2 (NM_016457) under the CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NF2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nf2/) - Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human Neurofibromin 2 (NF2; NCBI Acc. CR456530) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NUPR1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nupr1/) - Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NUPR1 from a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-OLIG2-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/ad-olig2-mcherry/) - Ad-OLIG2-mCherry (Ad5 dE1/E3) expresses human OLIG2 with mCherry from separate CMV promoters. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-ESR1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-esr1/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing ESR1 (NM_000125) under CMV promoter. Pre-made stock; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-eIF5A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-eif5a/) - Pre-packaged Ad-eIF5A: Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing EIF5A (NCBI BC000751) under a CMV promoter, C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-DEGS1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-degs1/) - Pre-made Ad5 (dE1/E3) vector expressing Drosophila DEGS1 under CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM + 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-SLC2A9](https://signagen.com/products/ad-slc2a9/) - Pre-made Ad-SLC2A9 (Human Adenovirus Type5, dE1/E3) expressing SLC2A9 under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SLC2A8](https://signagen.com/products/ad-slc2a8/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing SLC2A7 (Member 8), CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SLC2A7](https://signagen.com/products/ad-slc2a7/) - Pre-made human adenovirus Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing SLC2A7 (NM_207420) under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-TFAP2B](https://signagen.com/products/ad-tfap2b/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) vector expressing TFAP2B (AP-2 beta) under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-MCHR1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mchr1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing MCHR1 (NCBI Acc. # CR456497). CMV promoter; titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-AVPR1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-avpr1/) - Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human AVPR1 (AVPR1A) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PGF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pgf/) - Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PGF (NCBI BC007255) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Storage: DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PDGF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pdgf/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PDGFA (NM_033023) under a CMV promoter. Supplied ready-to-use in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol; no fusion tag. Infection protocol included. - [Ad-VEGFC](https://signagen.com/products/ad-vegfc/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing VEGFC under a CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NEUROG3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-neurog3/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (ΔE1/ΔE3) expressing NEUROG3 under a CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-MLCK3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mlck3/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) vector expressing human MLCK3 (MYLK3) under a CMV promoter. Research-use construct — confirm vector specifications with the supplier before use. - [Ad-UBC-RGS2-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ubc-rgs2-mcherry/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) pre-made adenovirus expressing RGS2 (NCBI BC007049) under the UBC promoter with a CMV-driven mCherry reporter. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-RGS2-mCherry](https://signagen.com/products/ad-rgs2-mcherry/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing RGS2 (NCBI Acc. # BC007049) with co-expressed mCherry from separate CMV promoters. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SLFN5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-slfn5/) - Pre-made Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenoviral vector expressing human SLFN5 with C-terminal V5 tag under a CMV promoter. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CDC73](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cdc73/) - Recombinant Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing human CDC73 under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. See datasheet for protocol. - [Ad-AGER](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ager/) - Ad-AGER: human Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing AGER (RAGE) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-ANGPT1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-angpt1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing ANGPT1 under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; storage buffer: DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BX648814.1. - [Ad-bFGF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-bfgf/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing FGF2 (NM_002006.4) under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-aFGF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-afgf/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 (acidic) (FGF1) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC032697. - [Ad-ATP5A1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-atp5a1/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing ATP5A1 (CMV promoter). Titer 1E+11 ~ 1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC019310. - [Ad-FOXA2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-foxa2/) - Human Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing FOXA2 (BC011780) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM + 2.5% BSA/glycerol. Ready-to-use. - [Ad-VEGF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-vegf/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing VEGFA (NCBI EU832814.1) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CTH](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cth/) - Pre-made human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing cystathionase (CTH) under a CMV promoter. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. NCBI BC015807. - [Ad-THAP1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-thap1/) - Adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human THAP1 under a CMV promoter with a C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-F3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-f3/) - Recombinant Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing human coagulation factor III (F3) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-MFN2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mfn2/) - Recombinant Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing human Mitofusin 2 (MFN2) under the CMV promoter with a C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NEUROG1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-neurog1/) - Human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NEUROG1 under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM +2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-BDNF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-bdnf/) - Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing BDNF under a CMV promoter with a C‑terminal V5 tag. Pre-packaged in DMEM (2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol). Titer: 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. See adenovirus infection protocol for use. - [Ad-PDZK1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pdzk1/) - Recombinant human adenovirus 5 (dE1/E3) expressing PDZK1 under the CMV promoter. C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SCARB1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-scarb1/) - Adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human SCARB1 under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SAT1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-sat1/) - Recombinant adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human SAT1 under CMV promoter. 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-HTN3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-htn3/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing human Histatin 3 (HTN3) under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-APLN](https://signagen.com/products/ad-apln/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human Apelin Receptor (APLN/APLNR) under a CMV promoter. Pre‑packaged, ready‑to‑use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-cRel-GFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-crel-gfp/) - HAdV5 (dE1/E3) expressing mouse c‑Rel under a CMV promoter with GFP co‑expression. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; buffer: DMEM w/2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-RET](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ret/) - Pre-made Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human RET (BC004257) driven by CMV with C‑terminal V5 tag; 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-KPNA4](https://signagen.com/products/ad-kpna4/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing KPNA4 (importin α3) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. C‑terminal V5 or 6xHN tag. NCBI Acc. BC034493. - [Ad-C20orf64, Dominant Negative](https://signagen.com/products/ad-c20orf64-dominant-negative/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing kinase-dead TP53 Regulating Kinase (C20orf64; G217A, A218T, E73M) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. C-term 6xHN tag. - [Ad-FASN](https://signagen.com/products/ad-fasn/) - Human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing FASN (NCBI BC007305, Gene ID 2194) under a CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-HCRT](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hcrt/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Hypocretin (HCRT) under a CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-TCF1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-tcf1/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing TCF1 (HNF1/LF‑B1) under a CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NLK(DN)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nlkdn/) - Pre-made Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus expressing kinase-dead NLK (NM_016231) under CMV promoter; mutations A464T, A465G, K155M. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NLK](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nlk/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Nemo Like Kinase (NLK; NM_016231) under a CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM +2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-RAP1A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-rap1a/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing RAP1A under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. # NM_002884. - [Ad-DUSP10](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dusp10/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing DUSP10 (MKP‑5) under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC031405. - [Ad-PARK2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-park2/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human PARK2 (Parkin, NCBI Acc. BC022014.2) under CMV promoter, C‑terminal V5 tag. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PINK1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pink1/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenoviral vector expressing human PINK1 (CMV promoter). Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC028215. - [Ad-OGN](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ogn/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Osteoglycin (OGN) under a CMV promoter. C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-LETC1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-letc1/) - Ad-LETC1: Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing LECT1 under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NELL2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nell2/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus expressing chicken NELL2 (NELL2) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM +2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-GIT2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-git2/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GIT2-V5 under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CLDN19](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cldn19/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing CLDN19 (BC030524.1) with C‑terminal V5 tag; CMV promoter; 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM +2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CLDN3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cldn3/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Claudin 3 (CLDN3) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CLDN2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cldn2/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus encoding Claudin 2 (CLDN2; NCBI BC014424) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-DHPS](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dhps/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Deoxyhypusine Synthase (DHPS) under a CMV promoter. C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PLA2G2A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pla2g2a/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PLA2G2A under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PRDM16](https://signagen.com/products/ad-prdm16/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PRDM16 (NCBI NM_199454.1) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-S100A8](https://signagen.com/products/ad-s100a8/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing S100A8 (calgranulin A) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-GCK](https://signagen.com/products/ad-gck/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing human Glucokinase (GCK; NCBI BC001890) under a CMV promoter. Supplied 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. No fusion tag. - [Ad-eIF5A2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-eif5a2/) - Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human EIF5A2 under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-FABP4](https://signagen.com/products/ad-fabp4/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing FABP4 under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. No fusion tag. - [Ad-ITGA1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-itga1/) - Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human ITGA1 (NM_001033228.3) under the CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-ITGA5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-itga5/) - Human Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing ITGA5 (NCBI BC008786) under a CMV promoter. C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Buffer: DMEM +2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-TSHR](https://signagen.com/products/ad-tshr/) - Adenovirus type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human TSHR (NCBI Acc. BC063613.1) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-PPP1CA](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ppp1ca/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing PPP1CA under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Storage: DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CAMKK2 (DN)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-camkk2-dn/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing CAMKK2 (kinase-dead/dominant negative) under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. C‑terminal 6xHN tag. - [Ad-CAMKK1 (DN)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-camkk1-dn/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing CAMKK1 (kinase‑dead/dominant‑negative) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Buffer: DMEM +2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. C‑terminal 6xHN tag. - [Ad-CPT1C](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cpt1c/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing CPT1C under a CMV promoter. C‑terminal V5 tag, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CPT1A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cpt1a/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing CPT1A (liver) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Storage: DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC000185. - [Ad-PRKD3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-prkd3/) - Pre-made Ad-PRKD3 (Human Adenovirus Type5 dE1/E3) expressing Protein Kinase D3 (PRKD3) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL; storage buffer DMEM +2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CAPN1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-capn1/) - Ad-CAPN1: Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing CAPN1 (Calpain 1, mu/I) under CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag; 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-MMP2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-mmp2/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing MMP2 (NCBI BC002576) under a CMV promoter. Supplied 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. Research use only. - [Ad-GDF7](https://signagen.com/products/ad-gdf7/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GDF7 under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-KLF14](https://signagen.com/products/ad-klf14/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Kruppel-like Factor 14 (KLF14) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-HDAC6](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hdac6/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing HDAC6 (CMV promoter). Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-HDAC3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hdac3/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing HDAC3 under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-LOXL2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-loxl2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing LOXL2 from a CMV promoter; ready-to-use at 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-RHEB2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-rheb2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing RHEB2 under a CMV promoter. Reported titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC016155. - [Ad-GLIS1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-glis1/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing GLIS1 under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use pre-made adenovirus; titer 1E+11 ~ 1E+12 PFU/ml. GLIS1 (BC104911) with C-terminal 6xHN tag. - [Ad-UCP2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ucp2/) - Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) vector expressing human UCP2 under the CMV promoter. Pre-made, ready-to-use viral prep (titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml). NCBI Acc. BC011737. - [Ad-PTGFR](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ptgfr/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) expressing Prostaglandin F Receptor (PTGFR; NCBI BC035694) under a CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-BRCA1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-brca1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing BRCA1 (NM_007294) under a CMV promoter. 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-VCAM1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-vcam1/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing VCAM1 under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Buffer: DMEM w/2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-EGFR](https://signagen.com/products/ad-egfr/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing avian EGFR (NCBI Acc. U48722) under CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; buffer DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CBFA2T1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cbfa2t1/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenoviral vector expressing CBFA2T1 (NCBI BC005850; Gene ID 862) under a CMV promoter. Pre-packaged, 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; C‑terminal V5 tag. Formulated in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-COPS5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cops5/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Arabidopsis COPS5 under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Buffer: DMEM +2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-U6-Blank-RFP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-u6-blank-rfp/) - E1/E3‑deleted Ad5 vector lacking an insert under the U6 promoter with CMV‑driven RFP reporter for RNAi controls. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM + 2% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-RPS6KB1 (DN)](https://signagen.com/products/ad-rps6kb1-dn/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing RPS6KB1 (kinase dead or dominant negative) under CMV promoter; pre-packaged, C‑terminal 6xHN tag; titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-CPT1C](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cpt1c-2/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing CPT1C (NCBI BC029104) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. No fusion tag. - [Ad-ICMT](https://signagen.com/products/ad-icmt/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Isoprenylcysteine Carboxyl Methyltransferase (ICMT) under a CMV promoter with a C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer: 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC028168. - [Ad-HSPA5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hspa5/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing HSPA5 under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PPP1CC](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ppp1cc/) - Pre-packaged Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PPP1CC under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. # BC014073. - [Ad-PPP1CB](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ppp1cb/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing PPP1CB under a CMV promoter. 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. Ready-to-use. - [Ad-CHD5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-chd5/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing CHD5 (NM_015557) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NINJ1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ninj1/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NINJ1 (NCBI BC004440) driven by CMV. Titer ~1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NGEF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ngef/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NGEF (NCBI BC031573) driven by CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-TWIST1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-twist1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Drosophila TWIST1 (NCBI BC036704) under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. No fusion tag. - [Ad-HIF1A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hif1a/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing HIF1A (CMV). Ready-to-use; titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-TGFBR1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-tgfbr1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human TGFBR1 (NM_004612) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11 ~ 1E+12 PFU/ml; C-term V5 or 6xHN tag. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-APOE](https://signagen.com/products/ad-apoe/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing APOE under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SLFN5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-slfn5-2/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing SLFN5 (NCBI BC125200.1) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Cloned in Ad‑MAX™; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-WNT5A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-wnt5a/) - Ad-WNT5A: Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) Ad-MAX™ expressing WNT5A under the CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. - [Ad-FZD7](https://signagen.com/products/ad-fzd7/) - Human Adenovirus 5 (dE1/E3) expressing Drosophila FZD7 under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Pre-made, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM (2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol). - [Ad-TREX2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-trex2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing TREX2 (NCBI Acc. BC008141) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-DBP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dbp/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing D Site Of Albumin Promoter (albumin D-box) Binding Protein (DBP; NCBI BC011965). CMV promoter; 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. See infection protocol. - [Ad-CEBPA](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cebpa/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing C/EBPα (CEBPA) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM + 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. See User Manual. - [Ad-HGF](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hgf/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing HGF (NCBI M73239) driven by CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-POU4F1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-pou4f1/) - Ad-POU4F1: Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing POU4F1 (NM_006237) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-DYRK3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dyrk3/) - Pre-made Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus expressing human DYRK3 (NCBI BC015501) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Storage: DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-DYRK2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dyrk2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing human DYRK2 (NCBI Acc. BC006375) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-DYRK1B](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dyrk1b/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing DYRK1B (NCBI Acc. BC018751) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM (2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol). - [Ad-DYRK1A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dyrk1a/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing DYRK1A (NM_001396) under CMV promoter; C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-STK4](https://signagen.com/products/ad-stk4/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing STK4 under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-EPHA8](https://signagen.com/products/ad-epha8/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing EPHA8 (CMV promoter). Pre-made stock, titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-ILK](https://signagen.com/products/ad-ilk/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus expressing Integrin‑linked Kinase (ILK) under CMV promoter. Reported titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-FTO](https://signagen.com/products/ad-fto/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing FTO (NM_001080432) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. No fusion tag. - [Ad-BTK](https://signagen.com/products/ad-btk-2/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing BTK (NM_000061) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; C‑terminal 6xHN tag. Storage buffer: DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-BTK](https://signagen.com/products/ad-btk/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing BTK (NCBI NM_000061) with CMV promoter and C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-TPP1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-tpp1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Tripeptidyl Peptidase I (TPP1) under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-GSTA5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-gsta5/) - Ad-GSTA5 — Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GSTA5 (NM_153699) under CMV promoter. Supplied 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-AGTR1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-agtr1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing AGTR1 (NCBI BC022447) under a CMV promoter. C-terminal V5 tag; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CETP](https://signagen.com/products/ad-cetp/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing CETP (NCBI Acc. # BC025739) under CMV promoter; C-terminus V5 tag; 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-KLF5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-klf5/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) encoding Kruppel-like Factor 5 (intestinal) (KLF5) under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NR0B2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nr0b2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NR0B2 (NM_021969) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-RXRA](https://signagen.com/products/ad-rxra/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing RXRA (CMV promoter) with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-DYRK4](https://signagen.com/products/ad-dyrk4/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing DYRK4 (BC031244) from a CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM +2.5% BSA/glycerol. - [Ad-TITF1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-titf1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing TITF1 under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-hPDX1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hpdx1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing PDX1 under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. BC111592. - [Ad-SOX9](https://signagen.com/products/ad-sox9/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing SRY (SOX9) under the CMV promoter; C‑terminus 6xHN tag. Titer 1E+11–1E+12 PFU/ml. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-HDAC7A](https://signagen.com/products/ad-hdac7a/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Histone Deacetylase 7A (HDAC7A) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. # BC020505. - [Ad-SNAP23](https://signagen.com/products/ad-snap23/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing SNAP23 (NCBI BC003686) driven by CMV promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-GATA2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-gata2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing GATA2 (NCBI Acc. # BC002557) under a CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NRIP1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nrip1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NRIP1 (NCBI BC040361) driven by CMV promoter. Ready-to-use, 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-ITGB1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-itgb1/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing ITGB1 under CMV promoter; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Supplied in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-SREBF2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-srebf2/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing SREBF2 (CMV). Titer 1E+10 ~ 1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. NCBI Acc. CT841522. No fusion tag. - [Ad-NR1H3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nr1h3/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NR1H3 (NCBI NM_005693) under CMV promoter. Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-NR1I3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-nr1i3/) - Pre-made Human adenovirus type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing NR1I3 (CMV promoter). Supplied at 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL in DMEM with 2.5% BSA and 2.5% glycerol. User manual available. - [Ad-SCARB1](https://signagen.com/products/ad-scarb1-2/) - Ad5 (dE1/E3) adenovirus expressing human SCARB1 (NCBI BC022087) under CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5 tag. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-EPO](https://signagen.com/products/ad-epo/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing human EPO under the CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-MAGEA3](https://signagen.com/products/ad-magea3/) - Pre-made Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing MAGEA3 (NCBI BC000340) under CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM/2.5% BSA/2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-LAMP2](https://signagen.com/products/ad-lamp2/) - Pre-made human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing LAMP2 under a CMV promoter. Ready-to-use; titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL. Stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-PARP1-V5](https://signagen.com/products/ad-parp1-v5/) - Human Adenovirus Type 5 (dE1/E3) expressing PARP1 (NCBI BC037545) under a CMV promoter with C‑terminal V5. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. - [Ad-CAPN10](https://signagen.com/products/ad-capn10/) - Human Adenovirus Type5 (dE1/E3) expressing Calpain 10 (CAPN10, NCBI Acc. BC004260) under CMV promoter. Titer 1E+10–1E+11 PFU/mL; stored in DMEM with 2.5% BSA, 2.5% glycerol. ## Product Tabs - [Citations](https://signagen.com/ct_product_tab/citations/) - CITATIONS ## Content Blocks - [Catalog Stable Cells - Reasons to Buy](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/reagent-products-customization-options-2/) - Verified Transgene Expression Validated for ≥30 Passages 5-Year Cryostability at −80°C - [Virus Products - Reasons to Buy List](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/virus-products-customization-options/) - Experimentally Validated Reproducible Performance Dedicated Scientific Support Customization Options Available - [Reagent Products - Reasons to Buy List](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/reagent-products-customization-options/) - Experimentally Validated Reproducible Performance Dedicated Scientific Support - [Contact_Mega_Menu](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/contact_mega_menu/) - SignaGen offers OEM manufacturing services. Please contact us for more info Contact Us EMPLOYMENT Technical Support [Open] Research Associate [Closed] Technical Writer [Closed] Molecular Biologist [Closed] Production Manager [Closed] Learn More DISTRIBUTORS Fish Scientific LLC VWR International Cosmo Bio Co Ltd Integrated Bio Co Ltd Tebu-Bio Learn More how to order Online: www.signagen.com Email: orders@signagen.com - [Catalog AAVs](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-pre-made-aavs/) - Pre-made AAVs All pre-packaged recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are produced using a modified helper-free system with wild-type AAV2 ITRs. The desired capsid determines the final serotype and tissue tropism. Each vector is purified to in vivo-grade standards, producing highly pure viral preparations suitable for both cell culture and direct animal studies. Every batch undergoes rigorous - [Catalog Adenovirus](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-pre-made-adenovirus/) - Pre-made Adenovirus All pre-packaged adenoviruses are produced using our proprietary Ad.MAX™ expression system based on an E1/E3-deleted human adenovirus serotype 5 backbone. Each batch is rigorously quality tested and accurately titrated by plaque-forming unit (PFU) assay to ensure high infectivity, safety, and consistent performance. Supplied in a ready-to-use 200 µL format, our adenoviral vectors eliminate - [Catalog Lentivirus](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-pre-made-lentivirus/) - Pre-made Lentivirus All pre-made recombinant lentiviral vectors are in stock and packaged using our proprietary Lenti.MAX™ packaging system. Built on a VSV-G–pseudotyped HIV-1 backbone, they provide broad tropism, high infectivity, and efficient transduction of both dividing and non-dividing mammalian cells for diverse in vitro and in vivo applications. Lentiviral vectors enable stable genomic integration and - [Product_Mega_Menu_OK](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/product_mega_menu_ok/) - Featured Product PolyJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent, Unique Chemistry with Unique Efficiency... Learn More Transfection Reagents In Vitro Transfection Reagents DNA Transfection Reagents siRNA Transfection Reagents Pre-Optimized Transfection Reagents DNA Transfection Reagents siRNA Transfection Reagents IN VIVO Transfection Reagents PREMADE VIRAL VECTORS Pre-Made AAV 2xITR from AAV2 | Serotype Varies In Vivo Grade | - [SignaGen - In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagents](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-in-vitro-dna-transfection-reagents/) - In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagents Leveraging our proprietary PDCC and advanced polymer synthesis technologies, we manufacture three categories of DNA and siRNA transfection reagents formulated for diverse cell types and experimental needs. These reagents deliver reliable, reproducible nucleic acid delivery across a broad range of in vitro applications, with performance differentiated from leading commercial alternatives. Extensive - [SignaGen - In Vivo Transfection Reagents](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-in-vivo-transfection-reagents/) - In Vivo Transfection Reagents Conventional cationic transfection reagents provide high gene delivery efficiency in vitro but are poorly suited for systemic in vivo applications because they are rapidly cleared from circulation and tend to accumulate in the lungs through nonspecific interactions with blood components. To address this limitation, we developed a modified GenJet™ Plus reagent - [SignaGen - Pre-Optimized DNA Transfection Reagents](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-pre-optimized-dna-transfection-reagents/) - Pre-Optimized DNA Transfection Reagents Based on our GenJet™ DNA Transfection Reagent (Ver. II) platform, we have developed pre-optimized transfection protocols for widely used mammalian cell lines, minimizing optimization time and experimental variability. Critical parameters—including reagent-to-DNA ratio, complex formation, incubation conditions, and cell seeding density—have been optimized for each supported cell line to achieve high plasmid - [SignaGen - Pre-Optimized siRNA Transfection Reagents](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-pre-optimized-sirna-transfection-reagents/) - Pre-Optimized siRNA Transfection Reagents To minimize optimization time and experimental variability, we have developed standardized transfection protocols using the GenMute™ siRNA Transfection Reagent for commonly used mammalian cell lines. Key parameters—including reagent-to-siRNA ratio, complex formation time, incubation conditions, and seeding density—have been optimized to achieve efficient siRNA delivery and target gene knockdown with minimal cytotoxicity. - [SignaGen - In Vitro siRNA Transfection Reagents](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/category-in-vitro-sirna-transfection-reagents/) - In Vitro siRNA Transfection Reagents SSmall interfering RNA (siRNA) is typically a ~21-nucleotide double-stranded RNA with two-nucleotide 3′ overhangs. When introduced into cells, a properly designed siRNA selectively silences a complementary target gene, making siRNA technology an essential tool for gene function studies and drug target validation. Conventional lipid- and polymer-based reagents often deliver siRNA inefficiently - [Service_Mega_Menu_OK](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/service_mega_menu_ok/) - AAV Services AAV Production Full Service For transgene overexpression For gene expression regulation via shRNA, shRNAmir, miRNA, gRNA & TuD RNA AAV Plasmid Packaging Service Lentivirus ServiceS Lentivirus Production Full Service For transgene overexpression For gene expression regulation via shRNA, shRNAmir, miRNA, gRNA & TuD RNA Lentiviral Plasmid Packaging Service Adenovirus ServiceS Adenovirus Production Full - [Resources_Mega_Menu](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/resources_mega_menu/) - Need more info or help, please get in touch with us Contact Us Vector Technologies for gene expression AAV Serotype Selection Guide Promoter Selection Guide Common Routes for AAV Administration Native AAV Promoters Viral Vector FAQs Explore OUR SCIENTIFIC CITATIONS - [Application Mega Menu](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/application_mega_menu/) - Featured Application Check out our pre-made viral vectors for in vivo imaging Learn more CART Research Gene Editing Gene therapy Neuroscience Gene Knock-ins & Knock-outs Inducible Gene Expression In Vivo Imaging In VIVO Disease Model - [Product_Mega_Menu](https://signagen.com/ct_content_block/product_mega_menu/) - Featured Product PolyJet™ In Vitro DNA Transfection Reagent, Unique Chemistry with Unique Efficiency... 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